前言

秘方简介

常用词列表

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

CHAPTER XXXI.

The eventful year of 1841 was now drawing fast to a close. The troops 部队 at Ningpo had been moved into more convenient 方便的 quarters for the winter, the close of which was anxiously 焦急的 looked for in the hope that sufficient 足够 reinforcements 加强 would arrive to be able to commence 开始 the next campaign 运动 with vigour. The weather set in intensely 强烈的，极度的 cold, in the middle of December. On the 14th of that month, the hills were all covered with snow, which soon began to fall heavily 很大，沉重地 in the town as well, and proved that although the summers are very warm in China, the winters are intensely cold and trying. The health of the troops 部队 continued good, supplies were tolerably abundant 丰富, and the officers managed to beguile the time by shooting-parties in the neighbourhood, where plenty of game, woodcocks, snipes, pheasants, & 功放;c., were to be found.

For some time, as was before stated, reports had been brought in of the assembling 集合 of large bodies of Chinese troops 部队 in some of the neighbouring towns, with the object, it was supposed, of preventing the people from holding friendly communications 通讯 with us, and perhaps also to threaten us with an attempt to recover 恢复 the city. The continuance of frosty weather, which rendered 给予 their soft paddy-fields firm and fit for operations, determined the general to make a military 军事 expedition 远征 as far as Yuyow, in order to ascertain 探明 how far these reports were correct, and to dislodge the Chinese troops 部队 if any of them should be found collected there.

On the 27th of December, the three steamers 汽船, Nemesis, Sesostris, and Phlegethon, having a number of boats in tow 拖, and carrying altogether 全部地 about seven 七 hundred 百 men, including the marines 海洋 and seamen, proceeded 继续 up the north-western branch of the river. The Nemesis conveyed 传达 Sir 先生 Hugh Gough, Sir William Parker, and a detachment 分离 of the 18th Royal 王国的 Irish, together with a small detachment 分离 of artillery 炮兵. The Sesostris, owing 欠…债 to her greater draught of water, was compelled 迫使 to bring up below the intended point of debarkation. A few miles below the town a party of Chinese soldiers were dispersed 分散 who had evidently 明显地 been employed to stake 赌注 the river across, which they had already commenced 开始.

In the evening, the Nemesis and Phlegethon anchored 锚 close off the town of Yuyow, when crowds of Chinese were observed running down to their boats and trying to make their escape up the river. The troops 部队 were disembarked without delay 延迟, and took possession 所有物 of a small undefended battery 电池 of four guns recently erected 直立, and then marched 行军；三月 up the hill over‧look 俯瞰 the city, without opposition 反对, and took up their quarters for the night in the joss-house, or temple 庙, upon the top of it, from which a good view of the country had been obtained 获得 on a former occasion.

The city was said to be occupied 占据 by upwards 向上 of a thou‧sand 千 troops 部队, and preparations 制备 were made for escalading the walls on the following morning, when the seamen and marines 海洋 were landed with that object, under the admiral in person.

Just at the critical 危急 moment, some of the respect‧able 可敬 inhabitants 居民 came out, and stated that the garrison 驻军 had withdrawn during the night, and that the gates 门 were open for us. It was little expected that treachery was intended, and the troops 部队 with the marines 海洋 and seamen, entered the town in two divisions; and having got upon the ramparts, they followed them in opposite directions, in order to go round the town and meet at the opposite side. At the same time, the Nemesis weighed 称重 and moved a little higher up the river; and from the mast 桅杆-head it was distinctly 历历 seen that a body of Chinese troops 部队 were drawn draw up outside the town, close to a bridge leading over a canal 运河. The boats were, therefore, sent send further up the river, manned and armed, in case the Chinese should attempt to escape in that direction.

Just at this time, the Chinese opened a fire of ginjals and matchlocks upon the naval 海 division, as they were advancing along the wall of the town; but our troops 部队, after some little delay 延迟, having found their way out of the town by the northern 北方的 gate 门, closely pursued 追求 the enemy, who had already taken flight 飞行. The Nemesis, and subsequently 随后的，接着的 the Phlegethon, opened fire on them the moment they were perceived 认为.

The pursuit 追求 was a toil‧some 辛劳‧一些 one, owing to the peculiar 奇怪的 character of the frozen freeze paddy-fields, covered with snow, which the Chinese could scramble 争夺 over faster than our own men; but some of the Chinese were killed, and some were taken prisoners 犯人，囚犯. Most of them threw throw off their thick wadded jackets 衣服, and flung away their arms, and having a good knowledge of the country, and of the direction of the causeways, which were completely covered with snow, were able to make good their escape. The pursuit 追求 was discontinued 中止, after following them seven 七 or eight 八 miles; but a military 军事 station, which was passed in the way, was set fire to and destroyed.

In the mean time, the boats of the Nemesis, under Captain Hall, having pushed on some way up the river, had overtaken two mandarin boats, which were trying to escape. A quantity 量 of official papers were found in them, together with some Sycee silver 银, which was handed over to the prize 奖赏-agents; some valuable 贵重的 fur 毛皮 cloaks 披风 were also taken, and the boats were then burned burn, the people belonging to them being first sent ashore 岸上. Several farm-houses on shore were then searched for troops 部队, but none were found. At some distance, however, some men were seen carrying a hand‧some 英俊 mandarin chair in great haste 匆忙 across the country. Chase was given, and it was soon overtaken; but, instead of a mandarin, it was found to contain a very good-looking young mandarin's lady, with an infant 婴儿 in her arms, and a quantity 量 of trinket-boxes. The poor thing was much frightened 使惊恐, but was allowed to be carried on without mole‧station 痣‧站. On returning to the boats, they were pushed up further, in the direction in which our troop 部队 had followed the enemy.

At Yuyow, an extensive 广阔的 depôt was discovered outside the town, containing ammunition 弹药, arms, and clothing, and was totally destroyed. Four guns, which were discovered concealed 隐藏 near the landing-place, were embarked 从事 on board the steamer 蒸汽. It was now evident 明显 that the reports which had been brought to us concerning the preparations 制备 of the Chinese were perfectly correct.

In the town itself 本身 there was nothing particularly worthy 值得 of attention; and on the 30th, our force was re-embarked 从事, and the steamers 汽船 returned down the river, and came to anchor 锚 for the night, as near as they could to the town of Tszekee, which lies, as before stated, about four miles from its banks. On marching 行军；三月 up to it the following day, it was found unoccupied; and even the authorities 权威 of the town, alarmed 警告 by the intelligence 情报 from Yuyow, had fled from the place. The inhabitants 居民 appeared peaceably inclined 倾斜; and, in order the better to conciliate them, and to shew that our measures were solely 独自 directed against their government, the large public stores of rice 稻 were distributed 分发 to the poor people of the place. The same evening, our force returned to Ningpo, having, during these five days, succeeded in spreading the alarm 警告 through‧out 始终 all the adjacent 邻 country, and in destroying all the reliance 依赖 of the people in the power of their own troops 部队 to protect them.

The year 1841 had now closed, and it had been the most eventful one since the commencement 开始 of our difficulties with the Chinese. Our measures had assumed 承担 a new character of vigour, while treaties 条约 had been made and unmade by the Chinese with almost equal facility 设施. But deep and lasting humiliation 屈辱 had been inflicted 造成 upon them; the honour of the English flag 旗；石地板 had been vindicated 表白, and the strength of her arms had been tried, and proved to be irresistible 不可抗拒 to the Chinese.

It was soon discovered that the effect of our descent 下降 upon Yuyow, and our visit to Tszekee, had been to spread the utmost 极 consternation through all the district, and to alarm 警告 even the high officers at the provincial 省级 capital, Hang-chow-foo. The imperial 帝国 commissioner 专员 and many of the wealthy 富裕 inhabitants 居民 now fled out of that city, and sought refuge 避难所 in Soo-chow-foo, nearly one hundred 百 miles further to the north‧ward 北方. In fact, there was a general dread 恐惧 of our immediate advance upon the former city; and there is little doubt that the general would have gladly 高兴的 undertaken the expedition 远征, had he possessed 拥有 sufficient 足够 force to do so without giving up Ningpo.

Some encouragement 鼓励 was given to this flattering 奉承 expectation 期望, by the fact of the Phlegethon steamer and the Bentinck surveying 调查 vessel 容器 being sent, early in January, to examine the great bay of Hang-chow-foo, and the port 港口 of Chapoo, which, as it were, commands the approach to the city, and is the centre of its commerce. This hoped-for movement 运动 in advance, however, never took place. But, with a view to keep up in the minds of the Chinese the impression 印象 which had been produced by our movement 运动 upon Yuyow by the north-western branch of the river, a similar 类似 attack was projected 项目 upon Fungwah, which lies nearly at the same distance up the south-western branch. No authorized 授权 expedition 远征 had yet been made to explore this branch; but, on two occasions, Captain Hall and some of his officers and men had proceeded 继续 a consider‧able 大量 way up, partly moved by curiosity 好奇心, and partly with a view to examine the river. On one occasion, they must have nearly reached the city of Fungwah itself 本身.

In both these excursions 短途旅行, the Chinese seemed very much astonished 使惊讶 and alarmed at the boldness of the attempt. The first excursion 短途旅行 was merely a walking and shooting party, but enough was seen of the country to distinguish it as a rich, well-cultivated 耕作, and picturesque 如画 tract 管道. The small cotton 棉-plant was cultivated in great abundance 丰富, and the women (at least the elder 年长的 ones) sat sit quietly at their doors, busy at the spinning 旋转；纺纱 wheel, without appearing to be much alarmed. Several canals 运河 were observed close to the river side, but not flowing into or communicating 通信 directly with it. They were separated from it by rather a steep 陡峭的 inclined 倾斜 plane 平面, made of stone-work, intended as a substitute 替代 for locks, with strong windlasses for the purpose of hauling 运输 the boats up on one side, and letting them down on the other; certainly an original 原版的 and curious contrivance.

The second excursion 短途旅行 was much more extensive 广阔的, and was made in one of the steamers 汽船' cutters 切割机 up the river. On passing through the first village, four shots were heard, but it was difficult to say whether they were fired at the boat, as the shots were not seen to fall. The river was found to be remark‧able 非凡的；奇异的；引人注目的 tortuous, so as to appear sometimes, when viewed from a distance, as if it ran in contrary 相反 directions. Numerous 很多的 pretty-looking villages were passed without any appearance of hostility 敌意; and, at the distance of about eighteen 十八 miles, the river was found to divide into two branches, one of which continued in a westerly direction, and the other ran about south-east. Following the latter a short distance farther, a well-built stone bridge was discovered, with five arches 弓形, the centre one about twenty 二十 feet above the water, which was here from five to six fathoms deep; the span 跨度 of the principal 主要 arch 弓形 was thirty 三十-five feet, and upon the top of the bridge was a sort of sentry-box, or small look-out place, secured 安全 with a pad‧lock 垫‧锁.

Near at hand, upon the left bank of the river, was a very pretty village, in which there was one large house, distinguished from the others by having Chinese characters carved 雕刻 upon it, the meaning of which, of course, could not be ascertained 探明. About a quarter of a mile above the bridge, the banks of the river were studded 螺柱 with well-built houses, surrounded by groves 树林 of trees, among which the tallow-tree was the most striking, by the peculiar 奇怪的 red‧dish 红色的‧盘 tint 着色 of its foliage 叶子 at that time of year. The course of the river was now about south-east, and it was still nearly one hundred 百 yards broad, with three fathoms water.

Three miles above the first bridge a second one was discovered, and the river now turned due south. A little beyond this point the party landed, as it was now getting late, and ascended 登 a hill upon the left bank of the river, from which there was a beautiful 美丽 view of the surrounding country and the hills in the distance. A high pagoda could be distinguished some way off to the west‧ward 向西, and a round, white watch-tower 塔, or look-out house, upon a hill to the east‧ward 东方的, covered with fir 冷杉-trees, about a mile distant 遥远的. At first the villagers 村民 seemed terribly frightened, but, soon perceiving 认为 that no mischief 恶作剧 was intended, they approached with the utmost 极 eager 渴望的 curiosity 好奇心, anxious 焦急的 to examine everything, particularly the boat and the men's clothes. Their manner was respectful 尊敬的 and orderly, which is generally the case with the Chinese, if properly treated.

It was now time to descend 下来 the river, although the flood 洪水-tide 潮汐 was still making. On approaching the principal 主要 stone bridge, it was found crowded with people, so that it was necessary to arrange some plan of defence, in case their purpose should prove to be one of hostility 敌意 rather than of curiosity 好奇心. If necessary, Captain Hall resolved 解决 that all the party should hastily 草草 land at the extremity of the bridge, except two men, who were as quickly as possible to push the boat through the nearest arch 弓形, and then pull it across to the opposite side; while those who had landed were to force their way across the bridge, and re-embark 从事 in the confusion 混乱 on the opposite side. On coming up to the bridge, however, no opposition 反对 was offered, and indeed it was noticed that there were a number of women among the lookers-on, and that many others were hobbling out of their houses, led by irresistible 不可抗拒 curiosity 好奇心 to get a first look at the strangers 陌生人. Abundance of wild fowl were seen along the banks of the river, several of which were shot shoot; and, late in the evening, the party again reached their vessel 容器 at Ningpo, well rewarded 报酬 for the day's excursion 短途旅行. The small walled town of Fungwah is situated 位于 less than thirty 三十 miles up this same branch of the river.

On the 10th of January, the General started from Ningpo, with the object of making a descent 下降 upon Fungwah, in the expectation 期望 that some military 军事 stores, and probably a small body of Chinese soldiers, would be discovered. The Nemesis and Phlegethon were both employed on this service; the former vessel 容器 carrying detachments 分离 of the 49th, 18th, and 55th regiments 团, with artillery 炮兵, sappers and miners 矿工, and followers 信徒, and having also on board Sir Hugh Gough and Sir William Parker, with their suites 套房. Several boats were also taken in tow 拖. As the steamers 汽船 could not pass beyond the first bridge, the troops 部队 were all landed at that point, with Sir Hugh Gough at their head, intending to march 行军；三月 direct upon Fungwah, while the Admiral continued to advance up the river, with the boats carrying the seamen and marines 海洋. No opposition was met with, and both divisions arrived simultaneously 同时 at the city walls. It was found that the Chinese soldiers had abandoned 放弃 the place, and the authorities 权威 had also fled. The inhabitants 居民 and the neighbouring peasantry all seemed peaceably inclined 倾斜, though apparently 据…所知；看来；据说；听说 over‧come 战胜 with astonishment 惊愕 and curiosity 好奇心. The prospect 展望 from the hills at the back of Fungwah was very striking, and abundance 丰富 of rice 稻 and other grain 谷物 crops 农作物 appeared to be cultivated.

On the following morning, nothing remained to be done but to destroy the government buildings, and to distribute 分发 the contents of the public granaries to the people, as had been the case in other places. In the afternoon, the whole force rejoined 归队 the steamers 汽船, and next day returned to Ningpo.

The effect of these various movements 运动 must be viewed, not as involving matters of military 军事 skill or courage 勇气, but as calculated 计算 to have the most salutary effect upon the people and upon the government, not only by the alarm 警告 which they created, but by the good feelings and forbearance which was uniformly 均匀 shewn towards the inhabitants 居民, when in our power, and abandoned 放弃 by their own authorities 权威.

The result of the examination 检查, by the Phlegethon and the Bentinck, of the character of Hang-chow-foo Bay, appears at this time to have rather discouraged 不鼓励 the idea of advancing upon the capital by the river which leads up to it. The tides 潮汐 were found to be so strong at the mouth of the river, that it was impossible to attempt to push even a steamer up, with any degree of safety 安全. The Phlegethon made the attempt to enter the river's mouth, but became perfectly unmanageable, and was very nearly carried upon a sand 沙-bank, where she would probably have been lost. She was, however, got out of danger with some difficulty when thetide 潮汐 slackened, which it does very suddenly in that part. But no power of steam 蒸汽 and sails 航行；帆 combined was sufficient 足够 to stem the current, which seemed to hold the vessel 3 completely at its mercy 宽容 for some minutes.

A reconnoissance of the position of Chapoo, however, sufficed 满足 to shew that it was accessible 无障碍 to our ships, and could be reduced without much difficulty; in which case, the road to Hang-chow-foo, by the hills, would be open to us, with a good cause‧way 原因；引起‧路；方法 the whole distance of about fifty 五十 miles to the capital.

We may judge of the size and volume 卷 of water in most of the Chinese rivers, by the fact, that, even at Hang-chow-foo, the river is not less than four miles broad, opposite the city, at high water; while the rapidity of the current may be judged of by the fact of its diminishing 减少 to about two miles in breadth 宽度, at low water, leaving a fine level strand 缕 as far down as the eye can reach towards the sea. This was noticed during the short visit paid to it by Lord Macartney's embassy 大使馆.

Rumours now continued to be brought, of the arrival 到达 of reinforcements 加强 at Hang-chow-foo, and other parts of the province 省; and, before the end of February, Sir Hugh Gough also received reinforcements 加强, by the arrival 到达 of part of the 26th regiment 团, in the Jupiter troop 部队-ship. The Cornwallis arrived at Chusan in January, for the flag 旗；石地板 of Sir William Parker, having succeeded in beating up the whole way from Hong-Kong, against the north-east monsoon, contrary 相反 to the anticipations 预期 of many, who doubted whether so heavy a ship would be able to accomplish 完成；实现；达到；做到 it. The movement 运动 upon Hang-chow-foo, however, if at any time seriously thought of, seems now to have been quite abandoned 放弃; and, as we shall presently see, Chapoo was destined 注定 to be the grand 宏大的 point of attack for opening the next campaign 运动.

In January, Sir Henry Pottinger and Sir William Parker went over to spend some time at Chusan, in the Nemesis, which vessel now required consider‧able 大量 repairs 修理, and was ordered to undergo 经历 a thorough refit. It is astonishing 使惊讶 how easily an iron 铁器 vessel can be repaired 修理. At Amoy, a large hole had been knocked 敲 in her bottom; and from being so continually 不断 employed in exploring rivers, running along coasts, and landing troops 部队, it is not surprising that some repair 修理 was required; but it is worthy 值得 of remark, that she had been able to do her duty so long and so well without it.

In the evening of the 5th of March 行军；三月, the arrival 到达 of the Clio, Captain Troubridge, was announced 宣布, (four‧teen 十四 days only from Hong-Kong,) bringing the mails, and the joyful 快乐 news of the promotions 提升 in the service, consequent 结果 upon the taking of Canton, and the exploits 利用 in the Canton River.

On the 7th of March the Nemesis was sent to reconnoitre Chusan, having Captain Collinson also on board, for the purpose of making surveying 调查 observations 意见 during the trip. They passed round the western and northern 北方的 sides of the island, and having reached Tai-shan, which is about six or seven 七 miles distant 遥远的 from it, they steamed 蒸汽 all round that island, looking into the different bays, and spying 间谍 into the villages, to see if they could discover a camp, or any signs of the presence of any troops 部队. The navigation 导航 round the island is dangerous 危险, for there are several rocks, at different points, barely 光秃秃的 covered with water.

At length they anchored 锚 off a small town in a bay on the south-eastern 东方的 side of the island, where several junks 破烂 were seen at anchor 锚. To the north-east of the town stood a remark‧able 非凡的；奇异的；引人注目的 hill, from which it was expected that a view of the whole island could be obtained 获得. Here the officers landed, with Captain Collinson's boat's crew 全体工作人员；全体船员, and part of that of the steamer, together with eight 八 artillery 炮兵 men. There was no appearance of hostility 敌意, and they all marched on to a second village, in which, as well as in the first one, it was asserted 断言 by the people that there were no soldiers left in the island, as they had all gone away to another island in the neighbourhood. The party then returned on board, and the steamer moved up towards a creek 溪, at which the water was too shallow 浅的 for her to enter.

In the evening Captain Collinson again landed in his gig 演出, with a view to ascend 登 to the top of the hill; and so confident 确信的 was he that there were no armed men upon the island, that he declined 下降 taking an escort 护送 with him, and was with some difficulty persuaded 说服 to allow two armed artillerymen to follow him, and was himself quite unarmed. Lieutenant Bates accompanied 陪 him. Scarcely had they reached the top of the hill, and were beginning to take their observations 意见, when a large body of armed Chinese were observed, emerging 出现 from their hiding-places in the creek 溪 in which they had landed, which was at a point about two and a half miles from the steamer. Evidently their intention was to cut off their retreat 撤退, and make them prisoners. Flight 飞行 was therefore the only resource 资源, and had it not been for the assistance 帮助 of the two artillerymen, they would have stood little chance of effecting their retreat 撤退 to the boat. These two men, however, by coolly retreating 撤退 alternately 备用, the one firing, while the other reloaded as he withdrew towards the landing-place, managed to keep the Chinese in check, so that Captain Collinson reached the boat in safety 安全.

It was now a question what steps were best to be taken on the following day; for there could be little doubt that if the steamer left the island without landing a body of men to attack the Chinese soldiers, who evidently 明显地 were in force, a report would be sent to the Emperor of a great victory having been gained, in which the barbarians were, of course, driven drive into the sea, and their vessels 容器 sent away from the coast. It was therefore resolved 解决 to make an impression 印象 upon them; and accordingly 于是 at five o' clock 钟 in the morning, the four boats of the steamer, manned and armed, under Captain Collinson and Captain Hall, with Lieutenant Bates, Mr. Freeze, and other officers of the ship, pushed off from the vessel, and proceeded 继续 up the creek 溪. They had also eight 八 artillerymen with them; and the two engineers like‧wise 同样 volunteered 志愿者 their services. The party numbered altogether 全部地 sixty 六十-six, including officers.

About two miles and a half up the creek 溪 they discovered a number of transport 运输 junks 破烂, crowded with Chinese soldiers, with their banners 旗帜 flying. A little distance from the banks of the creek 溪, which gradually 逐步地 sloped 斜坡 up towards some detached 分离 houses above, were posted another body of the enemy; altogether, there were probably five or six hundred 百 men.

Gradually, as the boats advanced, the soldiers who had not before landed joined the other body on shore, and commenced 开始 a distant 遥远的 fire of ginjals and matchlocks, without doing any mischief 恶作剧. It was, however, returned by the boats as they neared them, and their crews 全体工作人员；全体船员 were just about to land, when a thick smoke was observed to issue from one of the nearest troop 部队 boats. It immediately occurred 发生 that this might arise from a train having been laid to blow up the boats if they should be taken possession 所有物 of. It was therefore thought prudent 谨慎 to land a little lower down.

The moment the boats began to descend 下来, the Chinese, thinking they were retreating 撤退, set up a loud 响亮的 shout, and advanced upon them, brandishing their spears 矛 in defiance 蔑视, thinking that the victory was already won win. In this they were soon to be undeceived. Our men all landed as quickly as possible, and were formed into two columns 柱; the right, or advanced one, led by Captain Hall himself, and the left by Mr. Freeze ( mate 伴，友 R.N.), the chief officer of the Nemesis. Immediately they were ordered to advance, the Chinese began to waver at their bold 胆大的；醒目的 front, and the first volley 齐射 poured 淋；倒 into them, within pistol 手枪-shot, completely put them to flight 飞行. They were now so closely pursued 追求 that their military 军事 chest 胸部 was captured 捕获, in charge of a mandarin and two soldiers, who were killed. The prize 奖赏 was found to consist 组成 of only two thou‧sand 千 dollars, but even that was a pleasant addition 加成 to the prize fund 基金；专款；资金. The Chinese were pursued 追求 for some distance, about fifty 五十 of them being left upon the field, and eight 八 taken prisoners. The houses on the rising ground grind above, in which some of the soldiers had been quartered, and also several of the transport 运输 junks 破烂 in the creek 溪, were immediately set on fire.

After collecting some of the scattered 散落 arms, as trophies 杯 of victory, the little party again returned to the steamer, the Chinese having been totally dispersed 分散. She rejoined 归队 the Admiral, at Chusan, the same evening.

So far this little gallant affair had been perfectly successful 成功, in discovering the rendezvous of the Chinese; but it was believed that many of their soldiers had already crossed over to Chusan, disguised 伪装 as peasants 农, in readiness 准备就绪 to act in concert 音乐会 with other parties, when‧ever 随时 the attack should be made on the island. Captain Collinson was, therefore, sent back again in the Bentinck, with orders to prevent the escape of the soldiers from the island of Tai-shan, and the Nemesis was directed to follow as soon as she could get in her fuel 汽油.

It was now discovered that the Chinese had managed to extinguish 扑灭 the flames 火焰 in their boats before they were seriously injured 损伤, and had by this means made their escape over to Chapoo. But the Admiral after‧ward 之后 made a personal 个人 examination 检查 of the island, with a party of seamen and marines 海洋 of the Cornwallis. No military 军事 depôt was discovered, but two government stations were completely destroyed. The effect of this spirited discomfiture of the Chinese, at Tai-shan, was to secure 安全 Chusan from future hostile 敌对 attacks.

The assembling 集合 of these troops 部队 so close to Chusan was, doubt‧less 毫无疑问，, connected 连接 with the grand 宏大的 scheme 方案 of attack upon all our positions, which was attempted, at this very time, more particularly against Ningpo and Chinhae. It was probably also well known to the Chinese that Sir Hugh Gough was absent 缺席的 at Chusan, whither he had proceeded 继续, in consequence 后果 of rumours afloat concerning the projected 项目 attack on that place.

The Chinese seem to have planned their attacks remarkably well; but so many reports had been before brought in, of some projected 项目 operations by the Chinese, that at length very little attention came to be paid to them; and when it was positively 积极 asserted 断言 by Mr. Gutzlaff, the interpreter 翻译，弄清含义, on the evening of the 9th, that, from certain information which he had received, there could be no doubt of a grand attack being resolved 解决 on that very night, no one really believed that anything of a serious nature would occur 发生. It was doubted whether the Chinese, after their recent defeats 击败, would have the moral courage 勇气 to become themselves the aggressors. There were no external 外面的；外表的；来自外部的 indications 迹象 of any preparations 制备 for an attack, although some of the inhabitants 居民 were seen leaving the town on that day; and many of the tradesmen, with whom 谁 our men were in the habit 习惯 of dealing, plainly told them that they would have hot work that night. All this was treated merely as a specimen 标本 of Chinese bravado.

It is remark‧able 非凡的；奇异的；引人注目的 that we should have had no certain tidings 潮汐 of the collection and preparation 制备 of such a vast 广大 number of fire-rafts 筏 and vessels, higher up the river, as soon proved to have been the case, for the iron 铁器 steamers 汽船 might at all times have been sent up, to ascertain 探明 how far any such reports were well grounded. The fact is, the Chinese did take us a little by surprise, and that is often the result of holding an enemy too cheap 便宜的, and having too great a confidence 信心 in one's own resources 资源. Circumstances favoured them to a certain extent; the smallness of our force rendered 给予 it impossible to keep a line of sentries along the whole circuit 电路 of the walls, which were nearly five miles round; the extent and nearness of the suburbs 市郊 beyond the gates gave the enemy an easy approach without being observed, and the darkness 黑暗 of the night favoured the attempt.

The first intimation of the attack was by the firing of two guns which the Chinese had brought down to the river's bank, against H.M.S. Columbine, which, together with the Modeste, was anchored 锚 before the town, as were also the H.C. steamers 汽船, Queen 女王 and Sesostris. This was at half-past twelve 十二, P.M. But the firing was not repeated, (it having probably been only meant for a signal,) and nothing further occurred 发生 until about three o' clock 钟; but, by this time, the garrison 驻军 were under arms.

Four fire-rafts 筏 were now discovered dropping down the river, from its south-western branch, (leading to Fungwah,) towards the Sesostris; and, but for the quickness with which one of her cables 电线 was slipped, and the assistance 帮助 of her own boats, aided 助手 by two other boats from the Modeste, in towing 拖 them clear towards the shore, they would have been across the hawse of the Sesostris. Fortunately the rafts 筏 took the ground clear of the steamer, and exploded 爆 without doing any mischief 恶作剧.

All this time, the Chinese kept up a fire of small arms from the banks of the river, but without effect. But the Modeste, which was a little lower down the river, below the Sesostris, opened her broad‧side 宽阔的‧边；面 upon theeastern 东方的 suburb 市郊, with the object of stopping the advance of the Chinese in that direction, and on the following morning it was discovered that her fire had demolished 拆除 the walls of one or two houses, which fell fall in, and disabled 禁用 the gun which had been brought down on purpose to attack the Modeste.

So far, then, the attempt upon the river-side proved a total failure; but it served as a signal for the general attack upon the town, which began simultaneously 同时 at the southern 南部的 and western gates. The extreme darkness 黑暗 of the night rendered 给予 it at first impossible for those who were at a distance to ascertain 探明 the precise 精确 points of attack. The principal 主要 assault 突击, in the first instance 例, seems to have been upon the south gate 门, from within and without at the same time. The alarm 警告 was given, the bugles sounded through‧out 始终 the town, and word was brought to Colonel Morris, who commanded the garrison 驻军, that the guard at the south gate had been driven in, and the same intelligence 情报 was also brought to Colonel Montgomerie, commanding the Madras artillery 炮兵, who were already under arms upon the ramparts.

A company of the 49th, under Captain M'Andrew, was immediately ordered up by Colonel Morris towards the south gate, which they were to retake, if it was found to have been carried by the enemy. At the same time, Colonel Montgomerie, with two howitzers, and a party of artillerymen armed with fusils, commanded by Captain Moore, and rein‧force 加强 by a strong patrol 巡逻 of the 18th, under Lieutenant Murray, proceeded 继续 also towards the south gate, which he now found in the possession 所有物 of Captain M'Andrew and his company, who had gallantly retaken the gate, after charging down the street which led to it, driving the Chinese before him with the bayonet, and killing a great many of them. The Chinese had penetrated 穿透 as far as the market-place; many of them had scaled the walls, and were seen upon the ramparts; but upon being challenged 挑战, and seeing the troops 部队 advancing, most of them jumped back again over the ramparts, and in this way many were killed, or were shot at random 随机 as they were seen running away. Thus the south gate was completely cleared.

There is reason to believe that a good number of the Chinese soldiers must have previously 先前 come into the town in disguise 伪装, for the gates were attacked simultaneously 同时 both from within and from without. The movements 运动 of the Chinese were so well concerted 音乐会, that their approach was not discovered until they actually attacked the gates, and gallantly succeeded in scaling the walls. Had not the alarm 4 been given by the firing of the ships in the river, and had the Chinese been well officered, it would have caused us heavy fighting to have ultimately 最终 dislodged them from the town, a part of which was, for a few minutes, in their possession 3. But even their successes, such as they were, only served to embarrass 阻碍 them, for they did not know how to turn them to account. It should be remarked, however, that Sir Hugh Gough had skilfully disposed 部署 his troops 部队 long before this event, by concentrating 集中 them in one part of the town, where their quarters were close to each other, and where they could be mutually 相互 supported in case of attack.

It was after‧ward 之后 discovered that the attacking party were a new body of picked men, from a distant 3 province 省, who had never yet come into contact 联系 with our troops 部队. Money was also found upon the persons of those who were killed, four or five dollars upon each, which had probably been given to them either as arrears 欠款 of pay, or as a sort of bribe 贿赂 or extra 额外的 allowance 津贴；补贴 to induce 促使 them to fight. But other incentives 激励；刺激；鼓励 were also employed, for some of the wounded 创伤 prisoners were evidently 明显地 under the excitement 激动 of opium 鸦片. Many of them were remarkably athletic 竞技, fine-looking men, and everything tended to prove that this was a grand and desperate 殊死 effort.

Daylight 日光 was beginning to dawn 黎明, and the west gate was at this time found to be the principal 主要 scene of action; indeed, it was in that direction that the main body of the Chinese seem to have advanced. Orders had been sent to rein‧force 加强 the guard at the west gate with the grenadiers of the 49th, and Colonel Morris also hurried up to it in person, with another company of the 49th; while Colonel Montgomerie, with the artillery 炮兵, having been joined by Colonel Mountain, with a party of the 26th, proceeded 继续 on in the same direction.

On arriving at the west gate, it was found to have been gallantly and successfully 顺利 defended by Lieutenant Armstrong, who commanded the guard of the 18th, assisted 帮助；协助；援助 by a small detachment 分离 of the 49th, under Lieutenant Grant 发放. The enemy had attacked it in great force, rushing boldly 胆大的；醒目的 up to the very gate, which they attempted to force, while others were endeavouring to scale the wall. The grenadiers of the 49th arrived just in time to assist 帮助；协助；援助 in completing the repulse of the Chinese.

Colonel Montgomerie, having now come up with his reinforcement 加强, dashed 短跑 at once through the gate‧way 网关 in pursuit 追求, the enemy having been driven across a small bridge into the suburbs 市郊. Numerous 很多的 dead bodies of Chinese were found close to the gate, but they appeared to be in great force in the suburbs 市郊, from which a smart 聪明 but ineffectual fire of matchlocks was kept up. A few shells 壳 were thrown throw into the suburbs 市郊 from the two howitzers; but it was evidently 明显地 necessary to continue the pursuit 追求 through the suburbs 市郊, for the Chinese appeared to be in full retreat 撤退 across a bridge at some distance down, which seemed to be the principal 主要 thorough‧fare 彻底‧票价.

Our force on the spot was extremely small, amounting, when they had all fallen fall in, including artillerymen, to not more than one hundred 百 and twenty 二十-six rank 排列 and file 文件, and ten 十 officers. But with this small force Colonel Montgomerie determined to dash 短跑 on, being assisted through‧out 始终 by Colonel Mountain, C.B., Deputy-Adjutant-General; and, accordingly 于是, they immediately advanced up the principal 主要 narrow street of the suburbs 市郊. Having followed it for about half a mile, they came upon the main body of the enemy, who crowded the whole length of the street in a dense 稠密 column 柱, but without appearing to be at all wavering 动摇 or inclined 倾斜 to give way. On the contrary 相反, a high officer on horse‧back 马背 was seen to encourage the men, who set up a great shouting, and brandished their swords 剑 and spears 矛 in defiance 蔑视. But in a narrow street the dense 稠密 mass was necessarily incommoded by its own numbers, and the steady fire of the head of our column 柱, as they advanced upon them—one section 部分 delivering its fire, and the next taking its place for the first to reload—brought down all their fore‧most 最重要的是 and boldest 胆大的；醒目的 men, every shot telling with unerring certainty 确定性. They could neither advance to charge our column 柱, nor could they retreat 撤退, as long as the rear 后 of their column 柱 chose choose to hold their ground.

On coming up within about fifty 五十 paces 步伐，速度 of them, the two howitzers were ordered up to the front, while a party of the 18th, under Lieutenant Murray and Lieutenant Molesworth, of the artillery 炮兵, were ordered round by a side lane 车道 to act upon the enemy's flank 侧翼; Colonel Mountain and Colonel Montgomerie also went round, (having first waded 涉 across a canal 运河,) and witnessed the terrific 了不起 effect of the fire of three rounds of grape 葡萄, in quick success‧ion 演替, from the howitzers, which dealt deal terrible havoc 浩劫 among them. At the same time, the detachment 分离 of the 18th fired upon them down the lane 车道 as they fled, and a more complete scene of discomfiture and slaughter 屠宰 could not be imagined.

The Chinese were soon in full flight 飞行 in all directions across the country, the main body of them retreating 撤退 along the banks of a canal 运河 in a continued line, not less than a mile long, while numerous smaller parties broke break off from the main body, and tried to escape the best way they could. Many were supposed to have been drowned 淹死 in the canal. The pursuit 追求 was followed up for about seven 七 or eight 八 miles, and the loss of the enemy was estimated 估计 altogether 3 at not less than from five to six hundred 百 men, and only thirty 三十-nine 九 prisoners were taken. On our side, one man only was killed, and a few were wounded. The principal 主要 loss of the Chinese was inflicted 造成 by the fire of the howitzers upon their dense 稠密 masses, in the narrow street, and the sustained 维持；遭受 fire of our column 柱 as it advanced upon them. Not a few, however, were killed inside the walls of the city. The force they brought against us is supposed to have exceeded 超过 five thou‧sand 千 men, consisting 组成 of their best soldiers, and a great part of them were evidently 明显地 under the excitement 激动 of opium 鸦片.

Early in the morning, the boats of the Modeste and Sesostris moved up the south-west branch of the river, in search of fire-boats, but found none. In the afternoon, however, the boats of the Columbine, under Captain Morshed, together with the Queen 女王 steamer, proceeded 继续 up the other, or north-western branch, and discovered, not far up, thirty 三十-seven 七 fire-vessels. They were all in a state of perfect preparation 制备, being filled with combustibles and jars 罐 of powder 粉, and also provided with leather 皮 caps 盖 and fire-proof 证明 dresses for the men who were to have the charge of them; each of them had also a small punt, or sampan, attached 连接, for the escape of those on board. The early discovery 发现 of those which were first sent down, or probably their having been sent adrift too soon down the other branch of the river, had evidently 明显地 disconcerted 搅乱 this part of their plan. The whole of these boats were scuttled and destroyed.

Some miles higher up, near Tsekee, many more junks 破烂, of every size and shape, were found filled with combustibles; and still more were discovered higher up, moored 泊 on each side of the river. It was also observed, that on the hills opposite Tsekee, there were three Chinese encampments, one of which was set on fire by the soldiers, as the boats approached. In fact, it became evident 明显 that preparations 制备 of a much more extensive kind than we could have anticipated 预期, had been made, for one grand combined effort to drive us into the sea, before reinforcements 加强 could join us.

The attack upon Chinhae took place about the same time, but was much less important in its nature, and conducted 进行 with less vigour and resolution 解析度, than that on Ningpo. Early on the morning of the 10th March, the alarm 5 was given that ten 十 fire-vessels were floating 漂浮 down the river towards the ships of war and transports 运输 at anchor 锚 off Chinhae. The boats of the Blonde and the Hyacinth, under Commander Goldsmith of the latter vessel, and Lieutenant Dolling of the former, immediately dashed 短跑 at them, and drove drive them on shore, out of the way of the shipping, where they exploded.

About the same time, a body of Chinese soldiers got up close to the west gate of Chinhae, without being discovered, until they opened a fire of ginjals, and attempted to force their way in. But Captain Daubeny, with a company of the 55th, immediately sallied out of the gate, and pursued 追求 them into the suburbs 市郊, whence they fled towards a joss-house, or temple 庙, about a mile from the walls, where they joined the main body, about twelve 十二 hundred 百 strong. Colonel Schoedde, with three companies of the 55th, now joined Captain Daubeny, and immediately charged them, and put them to flight 飞行. But it was very difficult to follow, or come within musket range of them, owing to the peculiar nature of the ground, which was cut up in all directions by water-courses; although the labyrinths of paths and causeways were, of course, perfectly well known to the retreating 撤退 enemy. About thirty 三十 of the Chinese and two of their officers were killed, but the number of wounded could not be ascertained 探明. A quantity of military 军事 weapons and some powder 粉 were captured 捕获.

The plans of the Chinese had thus signally failed at all points of attack; but it must be admitted that at Ningpo they shewed a great deal of determination 决心 and personal 个人 courage, and their plans were, in reality 现实, very well arranged.

Information of these important attacks was immediately sent over to Sir Hugh Gough and Sir William Parker, who were at Chusan, and induced 促使 the General instantly to return to Ningpo. Sir William Parker also returned as soon as he had completed his examination 检查 of the island of Tai-shan; and he brought with him the Phlegethon and Nemesis, merely stopping at Chinhae on the way, to pick up a few marines 海洋 and small-arm men from the Blonde. No time was then lost in pushing up the south-western branch of the river above Ningpo, whither the General had preceded 优于 him with part of the 18th and 49th regiments 团, and two guns, in order to learn if the enemy were in force there.

Tidings had been brought to Sir Hugh Gough, that a strong body of several thou‧sand 千 Chinese troops 部队 were posted not far from Fungwah, preparatory 预备 to another descent 下降 upon Ningpo. But as soon as he had marched about six or seven 七 miles up, the Sesostris steamer moving parallel 位置 with him by the river, with part of the 26th regiment 团 on board, positive 正 information was obtained 获得 that the enemy had retreated 撤退 over the hills the preceding 优于 night, and that it would be use‧less 无用 to attempt to follow them.

It only now remained to advance against the strong body of the Chinese who were known to be posted along the banks of the other branch of the river, and who were reported also to have thrown up strong entrenched 巩固 camps upon the Segoan hills, at the back of the town of Tsekee, and to be commanded by three of their most famous 著名 generals.

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CHAPTER XXXII.

A heavy blow had now been inflicted 造成 upon the Chinese, by the severe reverses 反向；倒转 they had met with at Ningpo and at Chinhae, and by the defeat 击败 of all their designs against Chusan. It was, therefore, a favourable opportunity to follow up our successes and turn them to the best advantage, before the effect of the impression 印象 already made could have time to diminish 减少. It was ascertained 探明 that their troops 部队 had with difficulty been kept together after their late defeat; and it was reported that they were about to retreat 撤退 towards Pickwan, a town situated 位于 about forty 四十 miles higher up the river, at which point they were said to be concentrating 集中 their whole force.

Besides the force said to be encamped above Tsekee, on the Segoan hills, it was also ascertained 探明 that another body of five or six thou‧sand 千 men was posted in a fortified 强化 camp, about seven 七 miles further along the hills to the north-east, close to what is called the Chungkie Pass, and that the military 军事 chest 胸部 of the army was in charge of this division. A Chinese military 军事 chest is generally not very well filled, but still there is to a soldier something very tempting 引诱 in the idea of an enemy's military 军事 chest, particularly when there is a prospect 展望 of capturing 捕获 it.

On the morning of the 15th of March, the force destined 注定 for the attack, comprising 包括 altogether little more than a thou‧sand 千 men, including the battalion 营 of seamen and marines 海洋, were embarked 从事 on board the steamers 汽船 Nemesis, Phlegethon, and Queen, from the north gate of the city; the General and his staff, accompanied 陪 by the Admiral and other officers, taking up their quarters on board the Nemesis, which had been dexterously brought close into a wharf near the city gate; so that on this occasion the troops 部队 were embarked 从事 without the necessity 必须 of using boats. The naval 海 brigade 旅 was commanded by Capt. Bourchier, of the Blonde, assisted by Capt. P. Richards. There were four 8-pounder guns of the Madras artillery 炮兵, for which ponies 小马 had been trained, and these were now sent early in the morning across from Ningpo by land, escorted 护送 by a party of the Madras rifles 步枪; by these means the distance was materially shortened 缩短, by cutting off a great bend of the river above Ningpo. On reaching the nearest point, opposite Tsekee, the artillery 炮兵 swam swim their horses across the river, and were then drawn up in readiness 准备就绪 to advance upon the town, which was about four miles distant. The road to Tsekee and the nature of the country were already well known, from the previous 以前 visit in the month of December.

Before twelve 十二 o' clock 钟, the troops 部队 were landed from the steamers 汽船 near a village, where there was a sort of jetty convenient 方便的 for the purpose; they then formed, and marched direct up towards the city. At the same time, the Phlegethon was sent higher up the river, together with the Nemesis and two boats belonging to the Cornwallis and Blonde, to endeavour to get near enough to the flank 侧翼 of the Chinese army, to harass 骚扰 them in their retreat 撤退.

The Phlegethon started first, because the Admiral and the General, who were on board the Nemesis, were unwilling 不甘 to land, until they had seen all the rest of the force on shore before them. But the moment the Admiral had left the vessel, she was backed out from the landing-place, and went up the river for some distance, stern 严肃-fore‧most 最重要的是, at full-speed, until she could be conveniently 方便的 turned.

Having passed round a consider‧able 大量 bend in the river, some miles above the landing-place, they turned up a small branch or creek 溪 close to a village, which appeared to lead round nearer to the enemy's positions. The Phlegethon, which was some distance ahead, suddenly came upon five gun-boats, armed and manned, at anchor 锚 close to a mandarin station, which proved to have been used as a depôt for powder and military 军事 stores. Fourteen fire-rafts 筏 were also discovered, and the whole of these war‧like 战争‧喜欢；象 preparations 制备 were destroyed.

As soon as the troops 部队 had marched up pretty close to Tsekee, they proceeded 继续 to occupy 占据 a small hill directly in front of the town, and commanding the southern 南部的 gate. A few ginjals and two guns were fired at them from the walls of the city, but at such a distance as to make it evident 明显 that no serious defence of the place was intended. The main body of the Chinese army was to be seen encamped upon the heights to the north‧ward 北方 of the town, called the Segoan Hills; and it was equally evident 明显 that the shortest and best mode 方式 of advancing to attack them was by first escalading the walls of the town, and then marching straight through it to the northern gate, whence it would be easy to attack the enemy both in front and on the flank 侧翼. It was necessary to ascertain 探明 whether the town was occupied 占据 by any consider‧able 大量 force (which there was little reason to expect), and at the same time to deprive 剥夺 the enemy of having the advantage of falling back upon the town when driven from the heights. Orders were therefore given, that the naval 海 brigade 旅, with a party of sappers, covered by the guns under Colonel Montgomerie, should escalade the walls at the nearest point, while the 49th were to blow open the south gate, and immediately join them upon the ramparts.

The 49th, on approaching the gate, found the bridge over a canal 4 just outside recently destroyed; but, as the water was shallow 浅的, and there appeared to be no likelihood 可能性 of meeting with any serious opposition, they quietly crept 爬行:creep along the canal 5 itself 本身, which led into the town, and so got under the walls, upon the ramparts of which they now found the naval 海 brigade 旅 already drawn up.

The 18th, in the mean‧time 其时, had been sent round, outside the walls, to dislodge a body of Chinese troops 部队 who occupied 占据 a hill a little to the north-east of the city; and they were directed to join the rest of our force as soon as they reached the north gate. The 26th had been held in reserve to protect the guns, and support the 49th, if necessary. The town was, however, carried without any resistance 抵抗; and the troops 部队 having marched round the ramparts, the whole force was then concentrated 集中 at the north gate.

It should here be noticed, that the town of Tsekee lies in a sort of cup, or basin 盆, surrounded almost entirely on three sides by steep 陡峭的 hills, being open only towards the river, or to the south‧ward 南方‧病房; from the northern hills, a low spur 骨刺 is sent down towards the northern gate, and terminates 终止 in a small hill within the walls. The Chinese forces were posted upon these heights, a little to the west‧ward 向西 of the spur 骨刺 just described, but in such a position that their left was commanded by other hills. On their right they had a second encampment, a little in advance, on the north-western side of the town; but it was evident 明显 that their left could be easily turned, and that they could be defeated 击败 and completely routed 路线, without much difficulty.

The General's first movement 运动 was to direct the 18th, with the rifles 步枪, to proceed 继续 to occupy 占据 a hill on his right, which could only be got at by passing through a steep 陡峭的 ravine, but which quite commanded the Chinese' left. As soon as they succeeded in crowning 王冠 its summit 首脑, and had thus turned the Chinese position, the naval 海 brigade 旅 (who, in the mean‧time 其时, were to occupy 占据 two large buildings under the walls, a little on the north-western side of the town) were to carry the hill in their front, on which the Chinese were encamped, while the 49th were at the same time to attack the centre of the Chinese position.

It is worthy 值得 of remark that the Chinese, with one or two trifling 琐事 exceptions, seem never to have made use of field-artillery 炮兵. Of course, where they had forts 堡, they had guns mounted 增加; but they did not appear to regard artillery 炮兵 as a necessary part of a regular army.

On this occasion, our loss would probably have been severe, if the heights had been defended by a numerous artillery 炮兵; but they opened a smart 聪明 fire of ginjals upon the naval 海 brigade 旅 (the Admiral himself being at their head), as they marched across the paddy-fields outside the walls, with the object of occupying 占据 the two large houses, under shelter of which they were to form, in readiness 准备就绪 for the attack. They suffered some loss; and, as it appeared that the 18th and rifles 步枪, being impeded 阻碍 by the steepness and difficulties of the gorge 峡谷 they had to ascend 登, were longer in reaching the summit 首脑 of the hill than had been expected, the General determined to commence 开始 the attack in front without waiting for the 18th to turn the flank 侧翼 of the Chinese. The advance was sounded, and the 49th, with the General at their head, rushed up the hill; while the naval 海 brigade 旅, led by Captains Bourchier and Richards, and Commander Watson (the Admiral himself taking part in the attack), made a dash 短跑 at the other hill, upon the Chinese' right.

Some rockets 火箭 were fired with great precision 精确 into the enemy's position, by Lieutenant Fitzjames and Mr. Jackson, of the Cornwallis, but the Chinese poured in a heavy fire of ginjals and matchlocks upon our troops 部队 as they advanced.

The marines 海洋 and seamen dashed 短跑 across the paddy-field, and charged up the hill, which was steep 3 and rugged 小块地毯, with great spirit, but were boldly met by the Chinese, who did not shrink from the contest 比赛. The leading division soon gained the summit 首脑, and the remainder 余 of the brigade 旅 pushed round the sides of the hill, to cut off the retreat 撤退 of the enemy. In this encounter 遭遇 two officers of the Royal 王国的 Marines and two officers of the naval 海 battalion 营 were wounded; eleven 十一 men were also wounded and three killed.

The General, at the head of the 49th, in the mean‧time 其时 carried the hill in his front with great spirit, and detached 分离 the grenadiers, under Major Gough, to cut off a body of Chinese who were attempting to get up the rear 后 of the other hill, which had already been carried in front by the naval 海 brigade 旅. This division of the enemy was, therefore, completely hemmed 下摆 in, and the slaughter 屠宰 was unavoidably 不免 great in the hollow 空的 at the foot of the hill.

The 49th now continued to press forward, driving the Chinese before them in great disorder 混乱 across the plain at the foot of the hills; and the 18th and Rifles, having by this time succeeded in turning the enemy's position on the heights, descended 下来 into the plain, and joined the 49th and 26th in the pursuit 追求. The whole Chinese army was now in full flight 飞行 across the plain, towards the Chungkie Pass, and just passed within range of the Phlegethon and Nemesis, who had taken up an excellent position in the creek 溪, for the purpose of cutting them off. Their guns opened fire upon the scattered fugitives 逃亡, who suffered severely.

From eight 八 hundred 百 to one thou‧sand 千 men are supposed to have been killed, wounded, or drowned, in this engagement 订婚; every attempt was made to spare 节省；多余的；备用件 them, but as most of these troops 部队 came from distant provinces 省, and were reputed 名气 to be their best soldiers, they refused to surrender 投降 themselves prisoners, with few exceptions. Many officers or mandarins were killed, but only three were taken prisoners. Many of them deliberately 故意 cut their own throats, when they saw that the day was irretrievably lost.

Some curious and interesting documents 文件 were found, relating to their plans and the disposal 处置 of their forces, amongst 之中 which were some public proclamations to be distributed 分发 among the people. Upon the bodies of many of the slain, pieces of Sycee silver 银 were found, as had been the case at Ningpo, a few days before.

The strength of the Chinese army was estimated 估计 at from seven 七 to eight 八 thou‧sand 千 men, part of which appeared to be a picked body, said to belong to the Emperor's guard; they were fine, athletic 竞技, powerful 强大 men. It was also remarked that their arms were of a superior 优越 description; several improvements 起色 had been adopted; and the bow 弓 and arrow 箭头；矢, once the favourite weapon of the Tartar soldier, had been laid aside on this occasion.

As usual, several personal 个人 encounters 遭遇 took place; the Chinese not fearing to engage 从事 single-handed with their foe 敌人, or to measure their sword 剑 with that of our officers. In one of these combats 战斗, Mr. Hodgson, mate of the Cornwallis, was wounded, not far from the Admiral. Colonel Mountain was in some danger of being run through, but was saved by a timely shot from one of the 18th. The clothes of the slain were in some instances 例 ignited 点燃 by their matches, and produced, as on some other occasions, a revolting 反叛 spectacle 场面；眼镜.

The night was passed, by our gallant little force, in the tents 帐篷 from which the Chinese had been driven, and which were found to contain plenty of warm coverings and provisions 规定, & 功放;c. There were stores of rice 稻, and bread 面包 ( cakes 蛋糕), and flour 面粉, in abundance 丰富.

Besides the loss already mentioned, the 49th had three officers and four men wounded. Some of our officers were wounded severely, Lieutenant Lane having had his arm amputated upon the field.

On the following morning, at day‧light 日光, the grain 谷物 magazines 杂志 in the town, belonging to government, were opened to the people, and, as might be expected, were rapidly emptied. A large quantity of ginjals, matchlocks, and other war‧like 战争‧喜欢；象 implements 实行, were also collected upon the battle-field, and were nearly all destroyed. Among other curiosities 好奇心 were nine 九 newly 最近，新近-invented 发明 brass 黄铜 tubes 管, of about three pounds calibre, and thirty 三十-nine 九 pounds weight, each with two handles; they had never been used, but were apparently intended to fire grape 葡萄-shot. They were curiously bound 必定；跳 round with catgut, and were probably to be fired while held between two men, as they were provided with handles for the purpose. One of them was given to Captain Hall, by the Admiral, and has since been deposited 留下, with other Chinese weapons, at Windsor. Twenty-three guns were also captured 捕获, principally 原则上 upon the walls of the town.

As the enemy had retreated 撤退 towards the Chungkie Pass, about six or seven 七 miles distant to the north-west, where it was reported that another fortified 强化 encampment had been formed, Sir Hugh Gough moved in advance, about one o'clock 3 on the following day, the 16th; but having reached the foot of the hills, the position was found completely abandoned 放弃, although it was by nature a strong one. Dispositions were made for the attack, but none of the enemy were discovered, and consequently 所以 the hoped-for military 军事 chest was not captured 捕获. The Chinese had only just withdrawn, for they had left behind them some ammunition 弹药, and a supply of inferior 下 bread 面包, which is tolerably eat‧able 吃‧能够的, however, after a long march.

Having halted 停 about two or three hours for rest, and after setting fire to all the buildings, our little army returned to the town of Tsekee the same evening.

It is proper here to remark that the peasantry, and the inhabitants 居民 generally, except where they happened casually 胡乱；漫不经心 to be intermingled with the soldiers during the flight 飞行, shewed little concern as to the fate 命运 of their countrymen. They appeared to be more astonished than frightened, particularly at the swimming of the horses of the artillery 炮兵 across the river, and then seeing them harnessed 马具 to the guns.

The town of Tsekee suffered very little. A large pawnbroker's shop was one of the greatest curiosities 好奇心, being filled with furs 毛皮, silks 丝, & 功放;c. It was a large, extensive building, like a ware‧house 仓库, as is commonly the case in China, and it afforded excellent quarters.

This engagement 订婚 upon the heights of Segoan has been considered, by military 军事 men, as the most scientifically conducted 进行 affair which occurred 发生 during the war. Its success, at all events, was complete; and the Chinese army, which was now concentrated 集中 to the south‧ward 南方‧病房 of Hang-chow-foo, for the purpose of covering the provincial 省级 capital, against which we were expected to advance, was said to be with much difficulty kept together, and to be in great want of supplies. The orders of the emperor 皇帝, that the province 省 which was the seat of the war for the time should defray all its expenses, excited much discontent 不满, as might be expected.

Any proposed plan of advancing upon Hang-chow-foo which might have been thought of was now abandoned 放弃, and the great river, the Yangtze-Keang, was designed to be the principal 主要 seat of operations during the ensuing 接踵而至 campaign 运动. The vast 广大 inland 内陆 trade passing through this main artery 动脉 of the empire 帝国 would be stopped; the traffic 交通 by the Grand Canal would be at our mercy 宽容; and there seemed every reason to expect that the presence of a large military 军事 and naval 海 force, in the heart of the country, would lead the haughty Chinese cabinet 内阁 to listen to terms of peace, which we hoped to dictate 听写 under the walls of the ancient Chinese capital, the imperial 帝国 Nankin, the depository of the ashes 灰 of many of the ancient Emperors of China. Some, however, looked forward to a hoped-for advance upon Pekin, the great Tartar capital, by the river Peiho. The result, however, ultimately 最终 proved the wisdom 智慧 of the former plan of operations.

During the months of April and May, reinforcements 加强 continued to arrive to strengthen 加强 the expedition 远征, and the belief was general that it was determined to put an end to the war as soon as possible, by some means or other. A fresh corps 兵团 of Bengal volunteers 志愿者, a remarkably fine body of men, arrived from Calcutta; the 41st and the 2nd native 本土的 infantry 步兵 arrived from Madras, with a reinforcement 加强 of artillery 炮兵, and a few horses for the guns. Several steamers 汽船 and ships of war, with transports 运输, continued to join in success‧ion 演替—namely, the Vixen from England, and the Tenasserim, Auckland, Ariadne, Medusa, and the little Hooghly steamers 汽船, belonging to the East India Company, from Bombay and Calcutta, all well armed, and some of them peculiarly 奇怪的 adapted 改变；适应于 for river navigation 导航.

The Chinese, finding that they met with no success against us in the open field, turned their attention more strongly than ever to their two most not‧able 显着 schemes 方案, of kidnapping 绑架 our men, one by one, and destroying our ships by means of fire-rafts 筏. Large rewards 报酬 continued to be offered for the capture 捕获 of our high officers; but their successes in this system were con‧fine 局限 to the men, some of whom 谁 were occasionally 偶尔，间或；有时 carried off and a few were put to death in the most barbarous and inhuman manner. Indeed, it was not till 到 after the capture 捕获 of Chapoo (the next engagement 订婚 to be described) that the Chinese began to treat their prisoners with a little kindness 善良 and mercy 宽容.

Many stories of the cleverness of the Chinese in carrying off prisoners, and of the treatment 治疗 the latter after‧ward 之后 met with, are familiar to the reader. Towards the close of the war, they were generally pretty well taken care of, for the Chinese could not be insensible to the kind treatment 治疗 their countrymen met with when they fell into our hands. I remember being nearly caught catch once at Chusan, just at the close of the war; and the very next day, an attack was made upon two of our officers, who made an excursion 短途旅行 in the same direction, and had a very narrow escape. Captain Wellesley, R.N., and Ensign Shadwell, of the 55th, were surrounded at less than a mile from the city gate. The latter shot one of the Chinamen in the breast 乳房 with a pistol 手枪, (a single pistol 手枪 is always use‧less 无用,) but was immediately taken prisoner 犯人，囚犯 by the others, who were probably soldiers disguised 伪装 as peasants 农. His arms were pinioned, and he was dragged 拖拽 along by the legs. In the mean‧time 其时, Captain Wellesley, instead of firing his pistol 手枪, judiciously ran off towards the city gate, to call out the guard; and the moment the Chinese saw them advancing, they threw down their prisoner and decamped. He was thus saved.

On some occasions, the Chinese kidnappers had the worst 生病:ill of it, and were themselves captured 捕获: these were principally 原则上 sent down to Hong-Kong to work in chains, but some were kept in prison at Chusan. The respect‧able 可敬 inhabitants 居民, however, were anxious 焦急的 to bring about a more peace‧able 和平‧能够的 state of things, and they stated that the kidnappers were not natives 本土的 of the island, but people sent over purposely from the main‧land 大陆. It was evident 明显 that some secret influence was at work among the people, and that they still dreaded 恐惧 the power of their own authorities 权威, and were instigated to annoy 打扰 us.

At length, the Chinese became better disposed 部署, and then took to the amusement 娱乐 of making caricatures 漫画 of us. Many spirited things of this sort were hawked 鹰 about, rudely 粗鲁的 executed 执行 and strangely coloured, but withal amusing 使人发笑 specimens 标本 of Chinese drollery. The two annexed 附件 sketches 草图, one of an encounter 遭遇 between our own soldiers and the Tartars, and the other of an English foraging 饲料 party, are accurately 准确的；精确的；正确的 reduced from the original 原版的 Chinese caricatures 漫画, and shew more evidence 证据 of fun 乐趣 and quickness than we should have expected among so grave 坟墓；严重的 a people. There were many others equally amusing. At Ningpo, they made a sort of little peep 窥视 show of the General and his staff, intended to be a correct representation 表示 of them in little figures. That of Sir Hugh Gough, with his beautiful 美丽 long, grey 灰色:gray locks, was fairly done. A capital full-length picture, in oil, of the General was after‧ward 之后 executed 执行 at Macao by a Chinese artist 艺术家, who had been regularly 经常 instructed 指导.

The more the Chinese came to mix with us and to be acquainted 认识 with our character, the more they seemed to fall into our ways; and we cannot but think that, at no distant period, amicable relations will be established 建立, without difficulty, upon an intimate 亲密 footing. It has often been remarked, that in many respects they resemble 类似 Englishmen in their mercantile, industrious habits 习惯, their ingenuity 创造力, and their readiness 准备就绪 to combine together for useful 有用 purposes, their independent 独立 spirit, and their love of argument 论据. They differ 不同 materially from all othereastern 东方的 nations with which we have hitherto 迄今 come in contact 联系.

As soon as the Nemesis had undergone some necessary repairs, (for which purpose she was beached 海滩 upon the sands 沙 at Trumball Island,) she was ordered to explore all the neighbouring islands between Chusan and the Main in search of fire-vessels, or of other war‧like 战争‧喜欢；象 preparations 制备. She was joined by H.M.S. Clio, which was, however, left at anchor 锚 at Keeto Point, Captain Troubridge himself coming on board the Nemesis, and bringing one of his boats, manned and armed. In almost every island or bay they visited along the so-called Nimrod's Channel 渠道, Gough's Passage, Mesan Island, and other parts to the south‧ward 南方‧病房 of Chusan, an immense 极大的 number of fire-boats, in different stages of preparation 制备, were discovered and destroyed; and wherever 随地 any opposition was offered, the neighbouring hamlets 村庄 were burnt burn.

Two or three days were occupied 占据 in this important service, during which the Nemesis had her false 虚伪的 rudder carried away; and, owing in a great measure to this accident 意外事件, and to the remark‧able 非凡的；奇异的；引人注目的 strength of the currents, as she was attempting to pass between the island of Luhwang and another small one lying off its eastern 3 point, the current caught her bows 弓, and threw her heavily 很大，沉重地, broad‧side 宽阔的‧边；面 onto the rocks. The vessel was soon got off again, but she had bilged in the star‧board 星‧板，上船 coal 煤-bunker 掩体. The water was pouring 淋；倒 in fast, but it was thought that the engine-pumps 泵 would suffice 满足 to keep it under, until a good sandy 沙 beach 海滩 could be found to run her ashore 岸上 upon. But the water gained so fast upon the pumps that the fire would not burn much longer, so that it was necessary to run her ashore 岸上 upon the nearest beach 海滩. As thetide 潮汐 ebbed 落潮, the water ran out again through the leak 泄漏; and then by digging 挖 a deep hole in the sand 沙, it was easy to get down below the ship's bottom, and stop the leak 泄漏 from the outside.

A great many fire-boats had been destroyed upon the island that day; and, as it was known to be occupied 占据 by a body of Chinese soldiers, a military 军事 mandarin on horse‧back 马背 having also been observed superintending the completion of the fire-boats, it was possible that an attack might be made on the vessel at night, and it was therefore prudent 谨慎 to hasten 加速 the repairs. The rent 租；租金 was full three feet in length, but it was filled up with stout 肥硕 wedges 楔 of wood, covered with oakum, and driven firmly into it from the outside.

To prevent any surprise by the Chinese, sentries were posted upon the neighbouring hills, to give warning of their approach; and, by way of being before‧hand 预先 with them, a requisition was sent up to the principal 主要 village, written in Chinese, by a Chinese servant 仆人 on board, demanding from the head men, or elders 年长的 of the place, a supply of provisions 规定—namely, a couple of bullocks, a dozen geese, two or three dozen ducks 鸭子 and fowls, and so forth; and threatening to pay a hostile 敌对 visit to the village next day, if they did not comply 执行. After some deliberation 审议, all these things were promised; so that the authorities 权威, instead of planning an attack upon the vessel, or any attempt upon the men during the night, had quite enough to do to collect these supplies by the following morning. In the meantime 4, the vessel was repaired and got off again. Information of the accident 意外事件 was, however, conveyed 传达 to the Admiral by the Clio's boat; and he immediately sent down the Phlegethon, with the launch 发射 of the Cornwallis, to render 给予 assistance 帮助. By the time they arrived in the morning, the vessel was already, to their astonishment 惊愕, prepared to proceed 继续 to Chusan, where she arrived in the course of the day.

Information of the intended attack on our shipping at Chusan had been obtained 获得 by Captain Dennis, the military 军事 magistrate 法官 of Tinghai, late that evening, and was by him communicated 通信 to the Admiral. Orders were therefore sent to the different ships of war and transports 运输, to be upon the alert 警报, and have all their boats in readiness 准备就绪. The Nemesis was the only vessel to which the information was accidentally 偶然 not conveyed 传达; probably because it was thought she was ashore 岸上.

A little after eleven 十一, P.M., three divisions of fire-rafts 筏 were observed drifting 漂移 down towards the shipping, from the eastern end of the harbour, some from the direction of Sincamoon, close along the island of Chusan, some between Macclesfield and Trumball islands, where the Nemesis lay lie, and others again outside the latter, by the Sarah Galley passage. The first intimation of their approach was given by two lights being observed at some distance; this led to a suspicion 怀疑 of fire-rafts 筏, and by the time the men had got to quarters, several of the fire-vessels burst 爆裂 into flames; others were gradually 逐步地 set on fire, and were seen to take the three different directions before described. Nearly twenty 二十 of them drifted 漂移 down between the islands off which the Nemesis lay; and as they gradually came within range, her guns opened on them, to try to drive them on shore. There was a small boat ahead of each raft 筏, under sail 航行；帆, and with men in it to tow 拖 the rafts 筏 in the required direction.

The Nemesis was of course in consider‧able 大量 danger; for the rafts 筏 or fire-boats were chained two and two together, so as to hang across the ship's bows. Steam 蒸汽 was got up as quick as possible, the cable 电线 was ready to be slipped in case of need, and the steamer's boats were sent out to tow 拖 the rafts 筏 clear, as they were rapidly bearing down upon her, with a strong ebb 落潮-tide 3. They were all in a complete blaze 火焰 as they drifted 漂移 past on either side of her; and so close were they, that it was necessary to wet the decks 甲板 and the side of the vessel continually 不断, on account of the great heat. Her guns continued to fire at them, in order to sink 淹没 them, if possible.

Other divisions of the fire-rafts 筏, which came down the passages before described, were driven ashore 岸上 by the boats of the squadron 队, and blew blow up, without doing any mischief 恶作剧 to our shipping. Altogether, between fifty 五十 and sixty 六十 of them at least had been sent down, from the eastern side of the harbour; but it was reported that another division of them was to come down by the western side, from the direction of Sing Kong, as soon as the tide turned; a division of boats, under Lieutenant Wise 明智的；聪明的, of the Cornwallis, was therefore sent to endeavour to find them out and destroy them at once. They were soon discovered, to the number of thirty 三十, at anchor 锚 off a sandy 沙 beach 海滩, outside of Bell 钟 Island, and their destined 注定 work of mischief 恶作剧 was frustrated 阻挠.

On the following morning, the Nemesis and Phlegethon steamers 汽船 were again sent to search through all the adjacent 邻 islands; and the Nemesis succeeded in discovering many more fire-boats, which were now destroyed, upon the different islands; stacks 堆 of fire-wood and other combustible materials, which had been collected for the purpose, were like‧wise 同样 set on fire. In one village, there were a number of boats half filled with combustible materials; and the whole village was put into an uproar when the crew 全体工作人员；全体船员 of the steamer began to set fire to them. It turned out that they had been pressed into service by the mandarins, and the people naturally 自然地 wished to save their boats, on which their livelihood 生计 depended. Only one poor old woman, however, was permitted to retain 保留 her boat, for they might all have been pressed by the mandarins again.

A party of armed seamen and marines 海洋 were now sent up towards a hill in the rear 后 of the village, along which a number of men had been seen retiring, and amongst 之中 them a military 军事 mandarin, which made it probable that they were soldiers. The Chinese made a hasty 匆 retreat 撤退, but the mandarin was observed to try to hide himself behind a tomb‧stone 墓‧石头 while he pulled off his warm jacket 衣服, and nearly all his clothes, and lastly his satin 缎 boots 靴；鞋, and then giving them to a man who attended him, away he ran for his life down the hill on the opposite side, so that there was no chance of over‧take 超过 him.

The Phlegethon had been sent in an opposite direction; but on that side no fire-boats were discovered, notwithstanding 虽然 the active exertions of Lieutenant M'Cleverty. Altogether not less than one hundred 百 fire-boats were destroyed on these different occasions, besides those which had been previously 先前 destroyed by the Nemesis, and the boat of the Clio. How many Chinese lost their lives in the affair it is impossible to say; but many of them must have been drowned in attempting to escape on shore, after the fire-rafts 筏 burst 爆裂 into flames. In fact, in all the numerous little sheltered bays among those islands, fire-rafts 筏 were destroyed in greater or lesser numbers.

On one occasion, and without any warning, the Nemesis ran at full speed, and at high water, upon a dangerous 危险 conical-shaped rock, off the north-eastern extremity of Deer 鹿 Island, near the southern 南部的 coast of Chusan, although she had frequently been through the same passage before without having discovered the danger. The tide began to fall almost immediately she struck strike, so that she was left with her bows high and dry, and her stern 严肃 deep in the water, while she had seven 七 fathoms close along‧side 并肩 of her. It was a remark‧able 非凡的；奇异的；引人注目的 position for a vessel to be placed in; part of her bottom was completely clear of the rock and the water too, the vessel being only held by its extremities; and when the tide rose rise, every attempt to haul 运输 her off proved ineffectual. A large indentation, or hollow 空的, was supposed to have been made where she rested upon the rock, which of course held her fast.

The only resource 资源 was to try to float 漂浮 her off, by fairly lifting her up, with the help of large casks and junks 破烂. The launch 发射 and pinnace of the Cornwallis having been sent to her assistance 帮助, eight 八 large casks were got out, and boats were sent out to press half-a-dozen of the largest Chinese trading junks 破烂 to assist 帮助；协助；援助 in the operation. As soon as they were brought along‧side 并肩, the vessel was lightened 变轻, strong hawsers were passed under her bottom, and were secured 安全 over the bows of three junks 破烂, placed on either side, and then carried aft round the junk 破烂's quarter, and thence led forward and secured 安全 round the mast 桅杆. By these means, as the tide rose, the junks 破烂 fairly lifted the head of the steamer off the rock, and she was launched 发射 into her own element 元件 without having sustained any material injury 伤.

From what has been already stated, it will be readily inferred 推断 that the navigation 导航 of the Chusan islands is intricate 错综复杂, and not unattended with danger.

Perhaps the most curious and interesting of all these islands is the consecrated island of Pooto, situated 位于 very near the eastern end of Chusan, and only about six‧teen 十六 miles distant from the town of Tinghai. It is a small rocky 岩石 island, broken break up into numerous picturesque 如画 valleys and romantic 浪漫 glens, the hollows 空的 of which are richly cultivated, and abounding 盛产 in trees and aromatic shrubs 灌木; while from the steep and rugged heights a most beautiful 美丽 prospect 展望 presents itself 本身 on every side, the waters around it being studded 螺柱 with almost innumerable 无数 islands as far as the eye can reach. But it is most celebrated 庆祝 for its numerous temples 庙, of which there are said to be nearly four hundred 百, (but this number is probably exaggerated 夸大,) dedicated 奉献 to the idolatrous worship 崇拜 of Foo, or Budha. The whole island is, in fact, a large monastery 修道院, divided into many brotherhoods. "All the sumptuous and extensive buildings of this island," says Medhurst, "are intended for no other purpose than to screen wooden 木制的 images 图片 from the sun and rain; and all its inhabitants 居民 are employed in no other work than the recitation of unmeaning prayers 祷告, and the direction of use‧less 无用 contemplations towards stocks and stones; so that human science and human happiness 幸福 would not be in the least diminished 减少 if the whole of Pooto, with its gaudy temples and lazy 懒惰的 priests 神父, were blotted 斑点 out from the face of the creation 创建." Each of the priests is furnished with a string 绳子 of beads 珠子, which he keeps continually 不断 fingering; and as he counts them, he repeats the same dull 钝的；没兴趣 monotonous exclamation, "O-me-to-Fuh." The solid rocks are engraven with Budhist titles, and the whole island is under the spell 拼写 of the almost talismanic words, "O-me-to-Fuh."

Several of the temples are very extensive and highly ornamented 装饰, although they begin to bear the marks of falling greatness 伟大. At a distance they look very imposing 强加; but on nearer inspection 检查, some of them are found to be more or less tumbling 下跌 to decay 腐烂; in short, the priests are no longer wealthy 富裕, and the visits of superstitious votaries to the island are less numerous than formerly, and consequently 所以 the revenues 收入 have diminished 减少. There are few places, however, better worth visiting by an inquiring 打听 traveller; and three or four days could be spent spend upon the island with great pleasure and some profit. The temples are gaudily ornamented, and sometimes elegantly 优雅 planned. You are struck with the success‧ion 演替 of shrines 神社, one within the other, the huge 巨大 gilded 镀金 statues 雕像 of Budha, and the monstrous 滔天 images 图片 by which they are surrounded and attended. The temples are generally built in a hollow 空的, or at the bottom of a valley, so that the different shrines 神社 or buildings of the principal 主要 monasteries 修道院 rise one above the other, being built on the declivity of the mountain's side, which terminates 终止 in the valley. The yellow tiles 瓦 of some of them indicate 表明 former imperial 帝国 protection. The most picturesque 如画 sites have been chosen choose for them, and even caverns in the rocks have in some parts been turned into a success‧ion 演替 of gilded 镀金 temples.

There are good causeways leading to every part of the island; on every crag there is either a temple or a little image 图片; the gardens are laid out with extreme care and neatness; and were you not startled 惊吓 by the gross 毛 idolatry which surrounds you, and repelled 击退 by the dull 钝的；没兴趣, vacant 空的, half-idiotic look of ignorant 愚昧 superstition 迷信 stamped 邮票 upon the countenance 面容 of every man you meet, you might be almost tempted 引诱 to believe that it is a rich and happy,—a favoured and contented spot. Some of the temples are very striking, and might be called beautiful 美丽. In one of them was a very large library for the use of the monks 僧; but, as far as I could judge, the books appeared to have been little, if at all used.[62]

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CHAPTER XXXIII.

At the commencement 开始 of the month of May, 1842, it became generally understood understand, that a movement 运动 was very soon to be made upon Chapoo, which was to be followed by the advance of the whole expedition 远征 up the great Yangtze river. Ningpo, however, is deserving 应受 of one or two further observations 意见, for it is one of the most important trading cities in China; and, from its position, and its vicinity 附近 to several large and wealthy 富裕 cities, such as Hang-chow-foo, Soo-chow-foo, and others which border 边；界 upon the Imperial Canal, there is every reason to believe, that an extensive trade will soon be opened there.

Ningpo lies at the distance of only fifty 五十 miles from the trading town of Chapoo, which possesses 拥有 a monopoly 垄断 of the whole trade with Japan and Corea. Hence 因此 there is reason to believe, that our manufactures will soon find their way into these latter countries, (which have hitherto 迄今 excluded 阻止…进入；把…排斥在外 the foreigner, more pertinaciously even than the Chinese,) indirectly 间接 by way of Ningpo; and, that, in a few years, many articles expressly adapted for the Japan market, will be ordered to be manufactured in this country, and sent to Chinese merchants 商人 at Ningpo. This city is famous 著名 for its silks, which are very beautiful 美丽 of their kind; and the shops are elegant 优雅, and well supplied with all kinds of Chinese manufactures. It is a wealthier 富裕 and much hand‧some 英俊 town than Amoy, and is much superior 优越 in commercial importance, to Foo-chow-foo, another of the newly 最近，新近-opened ports 港口. Large junks 破烂 are even built on the Ningpo river, and the people have always shewn a great disposition 性格 to trade with foreigners 外国人. Indeed, this is the case in every part of China where the people have not been held back by their mandarins.

Mr. Gutzlaff, in one of his early voyages 旅行, obtained 获得 a list of all the foreign ships which had formerly visited Ningpo, and found their number to be consider‧able 大量; and it was stated to him that some of the very old people still retained 保留 a faint 微弱的 recollection 回忆 of the foreigners 外国人. The Portuguese traded at this place in the sixteenth century, and the English had a factory 工厂 there as late as the middle of the last century. It was finally pulled down in 1759, and all foreign trade was then absolutely prohibited 禁止, by express orders from Pekin.

The principal 主要 objection 反对 made by the government at that time to permit trade at Ningpo, was simply "the loss of the imperial 帝国 revenue 收入, accruing 累积 from the over‧land 之上‧陆地；着陆 carriage 运输 of tea 茶水 and other goods, to and from Canton." Add to this, the great extortions of the local officers, who here, as well as at Chusan, demanded such exorbitant fees 费用 and bribes 贿赂, that it was found impossible to carry on trade with any chance of profit.

It was at Ningpo that the Jesuit missionaries 传教士 first set foot in China; and thence, making their way to Pekin, succeeded, by good policy, scientific acquirements, and conciliatory demeanour, in winning the good-will of the people, and the toleration of the government. This was towards the end of the seventeenth century. For a time they possessed great influence; and sanguine expectations 期望 were entertained of the valuable 贵重的 results of their labours, and of the rich fruits which would ripen 变熟 to maturity 到期, as soon as the tree of Christianity which they planted in China, should spread its roots through‧out 始终 the land. Various causes conspired 合谋 to produce their downfal in China, principally 原则上 connected with the political state of Europe at that time. But it has been well observed by Sir George Staunton, in his pre‧face 前言 to the translation 翻译 of the Penal Code 码 of China, that "the extinction 灭绝 of the order of Jesuits in that country, caused the adoption 采用；收养 of a plan of con‧version 转变 more strict 严格的, and probably more orthodox 正统, but in the same proportion 比例, more unaccommodating to the prejudices 成见 of the people, and more alarming 警告 to the jealousy 妒忌 of the government. Generally speaking, it threw the profession into less able hands, and the cause of Christianity and of Europe lost much of its lustre and influence. The Jesuits were generally artists 艺术家 or men of science, as well as religious 宗教 teachers."

Ultimately 最终, the teaching of Christianity at Pekin was strictly 严格的 prohibited 禁止, and particular objection 反对 was made to the printing or translation 翻译 of books into the Chinese and Tartar languages; and, in 1805, all books of this kind were ordered to be seized 抓住 and destroyed, and the Tartar subjects were specially exhorted to attend to the language of their own country, and the admonitions of their own government; and, above all, to practise riding and archery, and to study the works of the learned learn and virtuous 贤, and particularly to observe all the social duties.

On the 7th of May, 1842, the city of Ningpo was given up, it was impossible to spare 节省；多余的；备用件 a garrison 驻军 for so large a city. Neither was it any longer necessary to retain 保留 possession of it, for the occupation 占用 of Chinhae at the river's mouth, would command the whole trade of the city. Some of the principal 主要 inhabitants 居民, merchants, and others, were assembled 集合 by Sir Hugh Gough, and into their hands the custody 保管 of the city was given over, in the absence 缺席 of all the constituted 构成，组成，被视作 authorities 权威. As might be expected, our evacuation 疏散 of Ningpo was represented to the Emperor as a great victory gained. The Chinese looked on in apparent 清晰可见的；显而易见的；明白易懂的 astonishment 惊愕, but there was no shouting or expression of public feeling, and the gates were given over to the persons selected 选择 for the purpose, who took possession of them with a party of their followers 信徒, very little differing 不同 in appearance from the common rabble. Our troops 部队 embarked 从事 in perfect order on board the Queen, Sesostris, and Phlegethon, and without any irregularity 不规则 whatever.

The reinforcements 加强 which had already arrived in the Chinese waters had not all yet joined the main body to the north‧ward 北方; in fact, they did not leave Hong-Kong until a month after‧ward 之后, but Sir Hugh Gough decided on proceeding 继续 to the attack of Chapoo without waiting for them. All the troops 部队, however, which could possibly be spared 节省；多余的；备用件 from Chinhae, Chusan, and Kolingsoo, (Amoy,) small garrisons 驻军 only being left at each of those places, had been called in, and the transports 运输 were, therefore, tolerably crowded. The anchor‧age 锚‧年龄 close to the small island called Just-in-the-Way, lying nearly midway 中途 between Chusan and Chinhae, was the appointed rendezvous for the ships; and owing to various circumstances 环境 they were unable 无法 to leave it before the 13th (May.)

The whole force which the General had now at his disposal 处置, exclusive 独家 of the naval 海 brigade 旅, was about two thou‧sand 千 two hundred 百 men, including the artillery 炮兵 and the gun lascars, and sappers and miners 矿工. To this must be added about one hundred 百 and ten 十 officers. The force was divided into three columns 柱: the right, composed of the 18th and 49th regiments 团, each being from four to five hundred 百 strong, together with a few sappers and miners 矿工—in all about nine 九 hundred 百 and twenty 二十 men and forty 四十-eight 八 officers—was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Morris. The centre, under Lieutenant-Colonel Montgomerie, (Madras Artillery,) was composed of a small detachment 分离 of the Royal Artillery, (twenty 二十-five men only,) with the Madras Artillery and Sappers, and the Madras Rifles, (one hundred 百 men,)—in all about four hundred 百 and sixty 六十 men, (including lascars,) and fifteen 十五 officers. And the left, composed of the 26th and 55th regiments 团, (the latter only half the strength of the former,) together with twenty 二十-five sappers, in all eight 八 hundred 百 and twenty 二十 men, and two hundred 百 and thirty 三十 officers, was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Schoedde.

On the 13th, the ships of war, the Cornwallis, Blonde, Modeste, Columbine, Starling, Algerine, and Plover, with the troop 部队-ship Jupiter, and several transports 运输, got under weigh 称重 with a light breeze 微风; they soon passed the hill of Chinhae, (the Pelican being at anchor 锚 in the river,) and after‧ward 之后 neared the Teshan Islands, and then, hauling 运输 up to the west‧ward 向西, made the remarkable 4 hills about Chapoo, and anchored 锚 in seven 七 and a half fathoms water, seventy 七十-five miles from land. Chapoo itself 本身 is in reality 现实 situated 位于 in what may be called an open roadstead (with a shallow 浅的 dry harbour close to the town) on the northern side of the large deep bay, into which the river which flows down past Hang-chow-foo, called the Tshen-tang river, empties itself 本身. The tides there are remarkably rapid at all times; and on the following day a strong breeze 微风 setting in from the north-east with hazy weather, it was impossible to move from the anchor‧age 锚‧年龄. The next day there was still no improvement 起色 in the appearance of the weather, and it was not until the 16th that a reconnoissance of Chapoo could be made by the General and Admiral on board the Phlegethon and Nemesis steamers 汽船.

No information upon which reliance 依赖 could be placed had been obtained 获得 as to the actual strength of the Chinese force at Chapoo, but the general belief was, either that a very large body of troops 部队 would be found there, or that the place would have been abandoned 放弃 altogether by the enemy, for the purpose of concentrating 集中 their forces for the protection of Hang-chow-foo. This question was soon set at rest.

The view of Chapoo and the adjacent 邻 hills from the sea, as you approach the coast, is very remarkable 5. The town and its extensive suburbs 市郊 are situated 位于 near the western extremity of a small promontory, stretching east and west for the distance of between four and five miles. The suburbs 市郊, which appear to be the principal 主要 resort 度假胜地 for merchants and traders 商人, and contain the most wealthy 富裕 shops, run along the edge of the beach 海滩, partly at the foot of the hills which rise up on either side, and partly occupying 占据 a low flat between them. The actual walled town stands about half a mile in the rear 后, and the nature and extent of its defences could not be accurately ascertained 探明.

As the steamers 汽船 were running in, so as to get near enough to observe the nature of the Chinese defences, and the works thrown up on the adjacent 邻 hills, a large fishing boat was brought-to, to get information, and three of the fishermen, being brought on board of the Nemesis, were questioned as to the numbers of Chinese troops 部队, & 功放;c., on shore. One of these men stoutly 肥硕 denied 拒绝 that there were any soldiers there at all; but, upon a threat 威胁 that they would all be hanged if they were found to conceal 隐藏 the truth, the other two men declared that there was a large force assembled 集合 for the defence of the place.

On a nearer approach it was observed that there were three principal 主要 hills extending along the coast to the east‧ward 东方的 of the suburbs 市郊, for the distance of full three miles, and two or three small islands lying off a little bay at their eastern extremity, and contributing 有助于 to shelter it, and to make it a good landing-place for our troops 部队. Upon the heights above, several breastworks were thrown up, particularly along the slopes 斜坡 between the hills. Upon the side of the hill nearest the town were two small batteries 电池, mounting 增加 five and seven 七 guns, and upon a low hill in front of the suburbs 市郊 there was a circular 圆形的 battery 电池 of twelve 十二 to four‧teen 十四 guns. Along the shore, a little further west‧ward 向西, a masked 面具 battery 电池 was commenced 开始, but apparently not yet completed. The steamers 汽船 ran in close enough to be able, with a glass, to observe the mandarins despatching messengers 信使 along the heights, upon which a great number of troops 部队 were posted, but they did not fire at the steamers 汽船, although they came within range. Indeed, the Chinese seemed disinclined to commence 开始 an action, and thus provoke 惹 a contest 比赛.

The anchor‧age 锚‧年龄 was completely surveyed 调查 by Commanders Kellett and Collinson, who carefully 小心 sounded without any interruption 中断 along the whole coast at night, thus enabling 启用 the Cornwallis, Blonde, Modeste, and the other vessels before named, to take up advantageous 有利 positions against the enemy's works, and to cover the landing of the troops 部队, which it was decided should take place in the bay to the east‧ward 东方的, before mentioned. From that point it appeared to the General that the heights could be turned, and the enemy cut off before they could make good their retreat 撤退 upon the walled city.

At day‧light 日光, on the 17th, the whole of the men-of-war and transports 运输 got under weigh, and stood in towards Chapoo, with a light breeze 微风 from the south‧ward 南方‧病房, the Nemesis and Phlegethon leading, and giving the soundings by signal to the Cornwallis, the Algerine having dropped astern, owing to the light wind. At eight 八, A.M., they came to anchor 锚 about four miles off shore, it being nearly calm and high water. The positions had already been assigned 分配 to the respective 各自 ships, and particularly to the steamers 汽船, who were to land the troops 部队. The fleet 舰队 got under weigh again soon after one o'clock, with a fresh breeze 微风 from the south-west, and beat in towards the anchor‧age 锚‧年龄 of Chapoo, which they reached in the evening, when each ship took up its allotted 分配 position without any obstacle 障碍. The Nemesis anchored 锚 close in shore, in three fathoms water, and from her deck 甲板 every movement 运动 of the Chinese could be seen, even without the aid 援助 of a glass. The transports 运输 were anchored 锚 near the islands, off the little bay to the east‧ward 东方的, where the troops 部队 were to land, under cover of the Starling, Columbine, Plover, and Algerine. The Cornwallis and Blonde took up positions against the small batteries 电池 upon the hill-side next the suburbs 市郊, upon the top of which there was a temple, or joss-house, occupied 占据 by a large body of the enemy, and the Modeste was placed nearer the suburbs 市郊, to act against the works in front. The Nemesis, Phlegethon, and Queen steamers 汽船 were in the first instance 例 to land the troops 部队 from the transports 运输, assisted by the boats, while the Sesostris steamer was anchored 锚 in shore, to shell 壳 the Chinese as they retreated 撤退 before our advancing troops 部队.

The sun set clear and brilliant 出色的 on that evening, the last which many a brave 勇敢的 man on both sides was doomed 厄运 to look upon. The Chinese were on the alert 警报 during the night, and brought down some large ginjals, which they planted upon the hill-side, abreast of the Nemesis, but did not make use of them.

At daylight 3 next morning the Nemesis went along‧side 并肩 the transports 运输, to take in the 18th Royal Irish, under Colonel Tomlinson, and, having landed them in the appointed bay, returned immediately to fetch 取 part of the 55th, together with the rifles 步枪; the remainder 余 of the 55th, with the 26th, 49th, and artillery 炮兵, being landed by the Queen and Phlegethon, assisted by the boats of the squadron 队, the whole under the direction of Commander Charles Richards, of the Cornwallis. Sir Hugh Gough landed with the first or right column 柱 from the Nemesis, and at once occupied 占据 a height which commanded the landing-place, without meeting with any opposition. As usual, the Chinese had neglected 疏忽 their flanks 侧翼, as if an enemy could only think of attacking them where they were most prepared to defend themselves.

As soon as the whole of the troops 部队 were formed, Colonel Schoedde was directed to move with the 26th and 55th regiments 团, forming the left column 柱, and Colonel Montgomerie, with the artillery 炮兵 and rifles 步枪, forming the centre, as rapidly as possible round the base of the heights, in the rear 后 of which there was a broken valley, leading up in the direction of the walled town, from which, by this means, the retreat 撤退 of the Chinese would be cut off. Sir Hugh Gough moved with the left column 柱, composed of the 18th and 49th regiments 团, under Colonel Morris, along the crest 波峰 of the heights, driving the enemy before him from one point to another. As soon as the advance was sounded in that quarter, the ships of war opened fire upon the enemy's right flank 侧翼, near the town, and after a few rounds, the Chinese fled from their field works, and from the joss-house upon the summit 首脑 of the hill.

The Nemesis, in the meantime 5, having united her fire to that of the other ships, was signalized to close the Cornwallis, for the purpose of protecting the landing of the battalion 营 of seamen and marines 海洋 under Captain Bourchier, who was accompanied 陪 by the Admiral himself, who never shrunk from fatigue 疲劳 or danger, ashore 岸上 or afloat. The enemy's right flank 侧翼 was now turned, and their principal 主要 works were fortunately 侥幸的 carried before the Chinese had time to spring the mines which they had prepared. The enemy was soon in full flight 飞行.

The Sesostris threw some shells in upon the Chinese centre, as our troops 部队 advanced upon them from their left; but, owing to the rapid movement 运动 of the left column 柱 round the base of the hills, and the dangerous 危险 direction of the line of fire of the steamer, there was at one time more chance of danger to our own men than to the Chinese. The sides of the hills were covered with a great number of tombs 墓, which, together with the broken nature of the ground, afforded shelter and rallying 团结 points for the enemy, behind which they occasionally 偶尔，间或；有时 made a stand, and suffered severely in consequence 后果. Many of the Tartars were even seen deliberately 故意 cutting their own throats, as our men were advancing upon them.

But the most terrible scene, and the point at which the greatest loss on our side occurred 发生, was a large house partly enclosed 围起来 with a wall, situated 位于 at the end of a little valley, about a mile from the walls of the town. About three hundred 百 resolute Tartar soldiers, finding their retreat 撤退 cut off, took refuge 避难所 in this building, determined to sell their lives as dearly as possible, expecting no quarter from their enemy. The defence of this large building was no part of their original 原版的 design; but as they were driven into it, one after another, without any means of escape, they were forced to defend themselves. The number who might be inside was not at first known; and two small parties of the 18th and 49th, under Lieutenant Murray, of the former corps 兵团, and Lieutenant and Adjutant Browne, of the latter, attempted to follow them in, but were unable 无法 to effect an entrance 入口. Of the 49th party, Lieutenants Browne and Mitchell were the only two who escaped untouched 不变. One man was killed and the rest wounded.

This little check was now reported to Lieutenant-Colonel Stevens of the 49th, who soon came up. Perceiving that there were a great many of the enemy in the house, and that they were firing from the windows and doors, he ordered our troops 部队 to be withdrawn under cover, until the guns were brought up. Colonel Tomlinson, of the 18th, having over‧hear 偷听 some injudicious remarks which he thought reflected upon himself, instantly put himself at the head of a few of his own regiment 团 and of the 49th, and rushed in at the door of the joss-house. Scarcely a second had elapsed 过去 when he fell a corpse 尸体 into the arms of his men, having received two balls in his neck. In fact, every man who attempted to enter was either wounded or killed, as he became exposed 暴露 to the steady aim of the Tartars, in the narrow door‧way 门口, the light being full upon him, while the Tartars were themselves concealed 隐藏 from view.

The failure of this second attempt to enter the building, added to the exasperation occasioned by the death of Colonel Tomlinson, rendered 给予 it very difficult to rest‧rain 抑制 the men from recklessly 鲁莽 exposing 暴露 themselves. Just at this time, one 6-pounder gun was brought up by Major Knowles, and some rockets 火箭 were also thrown into the house, but did not succeed in setting it on fire. The field-piece made very little impression 印象 upon the walls; but it was important that the place should be destroyed and the Tartars captured 捕获. In the meantime, it was blockaded 封锁 by two companies of the 18th Royal Irish.

While this was going on, Sir Hugh Gough had marched on towards the city wall, and was joined there by Sir William Parker with the naval 海 brigade 旅. As soon as the Admiral had landed, Captain Hall, with three of his officers (including the surgeon 外科医生) and six‧teen 十六 men, (eight 八 seamen, and eight 八 of the Bombay artillery 炮兵,) also landed as volunteers 志愿者, and, after clearing a hill in their front of some straggling Chinese soldiers, they advanced directly up the hollow 3, at the extremity of which stood the large building just mentioned. Already Colonel Tomlinson was killed, and several other officers wounded; both the rockets 火箭 and the small field-piece had failed to clear the house of its defenders 辩护人. Captain Pears, the field engineer, had also come up, and proposed to endeavour to blow in a portion 一部分；一份 of the outer wall by means of a bag 袋 of powder.

Seeing a small side-door open, Captain Hall, followed by Lieutenant Fitzjames and one of his own men, got close to it and fired into it, wounding 创伤 a Tartar mandarin, but it was too hazardous 危险 to try to force a passage in; and, as the defenders 辩护人 kept up a smart 聪明 fire from the windows above, it was necessary to retire under cover. An attempt was then made to set fire to the building, by throwing combustibles in at the principal 主要 door; and Captain Hall rushed in towards it, with a bundle 捆 of straw 稻草 in one hand and his sword 剑 in the other, followed by several of his men and one or two officers. Scarcely had he reached the door‧way 门口, when a smart 聪明 fire was opened from within, by which two of his men were shot dead close by his side, but he himself escaped as if by a miracle 奇迹.

The bodies were instantly removed 去掉 to a place of safety, and this attempt failed, as the others had done. Three or four of the Tartars now made an attempt to escape, by rushing out of the door‧way 门口, and ran the gauntlet of ten 十 or a dozen shots directed at them. They ran for their lives and escaped, although, from the traces 跟踪 of blood, it was thought that more than one of them must have been wounded.

Captain Pears at length got a powder- bag 袋 fixed to the northern wall of the building, which blew it in; and a small party of the 18th again attempted to enter it, but one of them was killed, and two wounded, and the rest withdrew. In fact, it was so dark inside the building, and the space was so narrow, that it was impossible to make a rush at it.

It was next proposed to set the place on fire, for on one side the upper part of the building appeared to be built of wood. Another powder-bag was fixed to that side of the house, just below the wood-work, in the hope that it would knock 敲 it all down together, or else set it on fire. The explosion 爆炸 was so powerful 强大 that it not only destroyed part of the wall, but brought down the wood-work above it, and thus many of the Tartars above became exposed 暴露, of whom 谁 some were shot, and others succeeded in getting down below. But, wherever 随地 a Tartar shewed himself at a window in any part of the building, several muskets were levelled at him; and, on the other hand, so well did the Tartars take aim with their matchlocks, that one of the Royal Irish, who would persist 坚持 in merely peeping 窥视 round the door‧way 门口 "just to see if he couldn't pick off a Tartar," received a shot in his knee, before he had himself time to fire.

The fragments 分段 of the wood-work, which had tumbled 下跌 down, were now collected into a heap 堆 by the sappers, and set on fire, which soon communicated 通信 to the rest of the building. Gradually 4, as it spread, the matchlocks of the Tartars (probably of the fallen) were heard to go off, and loud 响亮的 cries were uttered 说出. The rest of the defenders 辩护人 must evidently 明显地 surrender 投降; and, on entering the door‧way 门口, the poor fellows could now be seen stripping off their clothes to avoid the flames, and running about in despair 绝望 from one side to the other. About fifty 五十 were taken prisoners, but two or three, who tried to escape, were shot; and so exasperated 恶化 were the 18th at the loss of their colonel 陆军上校, and some of their comrades 同志, that it was not without difficulty they were prevented from putting several of the prisoners to death. These were now tied together by their tails 尾, in parties of eight 八 or ten 十, so that they could not well run away all together; and they were marched off, under an escort 护送, to the walled town, which had already been taken possession of.

The walls had been scaled near the east gate, by the grenadiers of the 55th, without opposition; and the other gates of the town were soon occupied 占据 by passing round the ramparts. There were few guns, or even ginjals, mounted on them; and the Chinese, having been once driven from the heights, and cut off from the city, were dispersed 分散 all over the country, a large body of them taking the direction of Hang-chow-foo.

Between Chapoo and that city there is a good canal communication 通讯, supposed to be connected with the grand canal itself 本身; and, in addition 加成 to that, the communication 通讯 by land, along a good cause‧way 原因；引起‧路；方法, broad enough for artillery 炮兵, gave many facilities 设施 for an immediate advance upon the capital. It was said also, that a curious Chinese map 地图 of the road, and of the adjacent 邻 country had been obtained 获得; but, with so small a force, it was not thought advisable 可取 to march further inland 内陆.

If the loss of the Chinese was great on this day, so was it on our side much greater than on any previous 以前 occasion. The high spirit of the Tartar soldiers, the descendants 后代 of the conquerors of China, and soldiers by birth‧right 出生‧右边；正确；权利, could not brook 溪 a total defeat; and, when they were further stimulated 刺激 by the excitement 激动 of opium 鸦片, their self 自己-devotion 忠诚 and stubbornness tended to increase their loss. When they could no longer fight, they could die; and the instances 例 of mad 疯狂的 self-destruction 破坏, both within the city and without, were perfectly horrible 可怕. Many of the Tartars were with difficulty prevented from cutting their throats, which they attempted to do with apparent 清晰可见的；显而易见的；明白易懂的 indifference 漠不关心. On visiting the large building, or joss-house, which had resisted 抵抗 so long, and had cost so many lives, a number of dead and wounded men were found huddled 乱堆 together in a horrible 可怕 manner, in one of the out-buildings attached 连接 to it. The ruins 破坏 of the house were still smoking, and our object was to drag 拖拽 out the wounded and put them under cover until they could be properly attended to, for, on all occasions, the Chinese wounded received every attention that could be shewn them from our medical officers. Just as our men began to move aside the dead bodies, a Tartar soldier, who had until now concealed 隐藏 himself among them, literally 按照字面 rising from the dead, stood up suddenly and drew draw his sword 剑. But, instead of making a dash 短跑 for his life, or giving himself up as a prisoner 犯人，囚犯, he began deliberately 故意 to hack 劈 his own throat with the rusty 生疏 weapon, and inflicted 造成 two wounds 创伤 upon himself before his hand could be stopped. Another man was found concealed 隐藏 in a deep hollow in the earth, where there was a sort of oven 烤箱, and could not be got out until some men were sent to dig 挖 him out, and he was then found to be wounded. Altogether, the scene at this house was quite enough by itself 本身 to appal any man with the horrors 恐怖 of war. Many of the wounded were dreadfully 可怕 mutilated, and the dead bodies were charred 烧焦 and disfigured.

A large building in the city was specially set apart 相隔 for the Chinese wounded, and the great kindness 善良 and attention they received at Chapoo produced important effects after‧ward 之后 upon the authorities 权威, and induced 促使 them to treat our prisoners with kindness 善良, instead of torturing 拷打 them to death, as had frequently been the case. The veteran 老将 Elepoo, who was, in fact, at that time governor of Chapoo, (having been partially 部分 restored 修复；使复位；使复职 to favour by the Emperor,) expressly thanked the General and the Admiral for their humanity 人性, in a letter written about a month after‧ward 之后. "On inquiry 调查," said he, "I found that you gave the hungry 饥饿 rice 3 to eat, and allowed to the wounded medical attendance 勤, and we feel obliged 责成 for your kindness 善良 and courtesy 礼貌." But this was not the only mark of their gratitude 感谢, as we shall presently relate.

Too much praise 赞扬 cannot be given to the superintending surgeon 外科医生, Dr. French, (often mentioned in the despatches,) and the other medical officers, for their constant 不变 attention to the Chinese wounded, when‧ever 随时 they had an opportunity. Occasionally 偶尔，间或；有时, however, the Chinese refused all assistance 帮助.

Among the Tartar population, who were here for the first time met with, living entirely separate from the Chinese, and preserving their own habits and privileges 特权, it is admitted by all that the most shocking scenes were witnessed; and the similar 类似 barbarities which were after‧ward 之后 observed at the Tartar city of Chin-keang-foo confirm 确认 all that has been said of the cruel 残酷的 and revolting 反叛 practices of that remarkable people in time of war. All accounts concur 同意 in giving their testimony 见证 to the fact of the self-destruction 破坏 of whole Tartar families; the women destroying their children, drowning 淹死 them in wells, and throwing themselves in after‧ward 之后; the husbands hanging and poisoning 毒药 their wives, and deliberately 故意 cutting their own throats.

Every effort was made to put a stop to these barbarities, and every means were used to pacify and soothe 缓和 the people; but as the greater part of the Tartar population had abandoned 放弃 the Tartar portion 一部分；一份 of the city, the Chinese rabble set about plundering 掠夺 it, and frightened the few who remained, even more than our own people.

The Tartar town, which was separated from the other by a wall enclosing 围起来 about one-fourth of the space within the city, presented its peculiar aspect 方面. The houses were disposed 部署 something after the manner of tents in an encampment, one of the last traces 跟踪 of the wandering 漫步 past‧oral 牧歌 habits of the race; to each hut 小屋 was attached 连接 a small bit 一点 of open ground, with a bamboo 竹 fence 栅栏 round it, and a few trees within; and the vine 藤蔓 was not unfrequently seen twining 双胞胎之一 itself 本身 among the bamboos 竹. Their scanty furniture 家具 was more rude 粗鲁的 than that of the Chinese; and the bow 弓, with its quiver 颤动 full of arrows 箭头；矢, the spear 矛, the sword 剑, and the match‧lock 比赛；火柴‧锁, seemed to be the most cherished 珍视 ornaments 装饰 of their abode. They alone are permitted to retain 保留 their weapons in their own charge. Indeed, the Tartar here lives as a conqueror 征服者, and glories 光荣 in the emblems 徽 of conquest 征服 which he still has around him. In other respects, they are all subject to the same laws, and wear the same dress, but differ 不同 a good deal in their countenance 面容 and expression. Commonly the Tartars are a fairer people than the Chinese, and some of them much resemble 类似 Europeans.

It is worthy 值得 of remark, that the conquerors imposed 强加 upon the conquered 征服 the practice of shaving 剃须 the head, excepting the back part, with its long tail 尾; but they themselves took care never to adopt the absurd 荒诞 Chinese custom 习惯 of preventing the growth of the female foot, and even deforming it, in such a way as to render 给予 it nearly use‧less 无用 to its owner. From the Emperor's court to the lowest soldier's wife, no Tartar woman ever has her foot tortured 拷打 into deformity. At Chusan, I remember seeing a Tartar woman walking about with her natural 自然 undeformed feet, and she was looked at as a curiosity 好奇心 by the Chinese inhabitants 居民, who stared and smiled as if they thought it a strange piece of barbarism.

The attention of children to their parents, for which the Chinese as well as Tartars are remarkable, was shewn in many instances 例, even amid 际 the trials of war, at Chapoo. The aged and infirm were of course unable 无法 to fly from the city, and many of these were found in the Tartar houses, carefully 小心 tended by their daughters, who stayed behind and braved 勇敢的 the expected horrors 恐怖 of an enemy's approach, rather than abandon 放弃 an aged parent. There were some touching scenes of this kind, and when they found that they were not treated harshly 粗暴地, their fears, which at first were distressing 苦难, gradually 5 disappeared 不见.

The country about Chapoo is perhaps one of the richest and most beautifully 精美 cultivated spots in the world. It in some respect resembles 类似 the prettiest parts of Devonshire. The low hills immediately adjoining 毗 the town—the rich, luxuriant, well-watered plain beyond, interspersed 点缀 with numerous hamlets 村庄 and villages, with their curiously-shaped blue-tiled 瓦 roofs, and intersected 相交 by canals and causeways, formed a very attractive 有魅力的 panorama, and served to indicate 表明 the means by which so dense 稠密 a population is supported. But even there the horrors 恐怖 of war were still to be traced 跟踪; dead bodies floating along the canals, (probably of wounded who had been carried away and had died,) parties of Chinese plunderers, hastening 加速 across the country, laden 载货 with every kind of property, and, perhaps, occasionally 偶尔，间或；有时, a little, quiet European foraging 饲料 party, hunting out ducks, and fowls, and pigs 猪, for which, however, the peasants 农 were generally very well paid.

It was not the object of Sir Hugh Gough to occupy 占据 the city longer than was necessary for the purpose of destroying the arsenals 兵工厂, and property belonging to the government, including, of course, the iron guns, ginjals, & 功放;c. The brass 黄铜 ones, some of which were very good, were sent over to Chusan. Several horses, or rather ponies 小马, which had belonged to mandarins, were captured 捕获 by our officers, and one of these, a stout 肥硕 grey 灰色:gray, was carried up to Calcutta in the Nemesis, after the war was over.

The number of Chinese engaged 从事 at Chapoo has been estimated 估计 at between seven 七 and eight 八 thou‧sand 千 men, of whom 3 about one-fourth were Tartars. It is difficult to estimate 估计 the number of their killed and wounded, but it must have been very great; it has been estimated 估计 that nearly one-sixth of them suffered more or less. On our side, two officers, one sergeant 军士, and ten 十 men were killed, including three of the naval 海 brigade 旅, of which two belonged to the Nemesis; six officers, one sergeant 军士, and about forty 四十-five men were wounded, many of them severely. The following were the names of the officers killed and wounded: Killed—Lieutenant-Colonel Tomlinson, 18th Royal Irish, and Captain Colin Campbell, 55th regiment 团, died two or three days after, from a severe wound 创伤 in the head. Wounded—Staff, Lieutenant-Colonel Mountain, C.B., Deputy-Adjutant-General, severely, (three balls in his back;) Lieutenant A. E. Jodrell, 18th; Lieutenant A. Murray, 18th; Captain T. S. Reynolds, 49th; Lieutenant and Adjutant W. P. K. Browne, 49th; and Lieutenant J. G. Johnstone, Madras Sappers and Miners.

There were ten 十 brass 黄铜 guns taken, together with eighty 八十-two iron ones, and a number of ginjals, & 功放;c.

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CHAPTER XXXIV.

The results of the capture 捕获 of Chapoo, and of the total defeat of the best troops 部队 the Chinese had yet brought against us, were very remarkable. On the one hand, the people more than ever dreaded 恐惧 our power, while they also wondered at our forbearance; and, on the other hand, the tone 音 of the government began evidently 明显地 to change, and overtures were now made (probably with a view to gain time) to induce 促使 our military 军事 and naval 海 commanders-in-chief to suspend 暂停 hostilities 敌意. Advances of a similar 类似 kind had been made at Chinhae, but did not appear to be founded upon sufficient 足够 authority 权威 to permit them to be entertained. They were renewed 更新 at Chapoo, but in an equally unsatisfactory 不满意 manner, and the agent of the Chinese on both occasions, and also on subsequent 随后的，接着的 ones, was a mandarin of low degree, the very sending of whom was sufficient 足够 to point out that their object was merely to sound our disposition 性格, and blind our credulity.

At Hang-chow-foo the people were so much alarmed that they openly expressed their dissatisfaction 不满 to the High Imperial Commissioner Yih-king, who was also generalissimo of the forces, a member of the imperial 帝国 cabinet 内阁, and a relation of the Emperor. But above all, the generous 慷慨的 treatment 治疗 of the Chinese prisoners by the orders of Sir Hugh Gough, the attention shewn to their wounded, and their being at last all given up before our forces left Chapoo, each of them receiving a present of money, (about three dollars for each man,) all these humane 人道 proceedings 继续 together produced a most powerful 强大 impression 印象 upon all classes of the Chinese.

When the Chinese prisoners were sent back from Chapoo, a letter was at the same time addressed to Elepoo,[63] in reply to the overtures which had been made. It was to the effect, "that hostilities 敌意 could not be suspended 暂停 until the Chinese government were disposed 部署 to negotiate 谈判 on the terms offered by the British government, through the medium 中 of her majesty 威严's plenipotentiary, who was then daily expected at Chusan."

Elepoo was determined not to be outdone in courtesy 礼貌, and before our fleet 舰队 entered the Yangtze river, he sent a very important and remarkable letter, addressed to our commanders-in-chief, styling 样式 them the "Honourable General and Admiral." He talked a great deal about good faith and sincerity 诚意, and thanked them for sending back the prisoners, and for the attention and kindness 善良 shewn to the wounded. He proceeded 继续 to inform them, that he had in return sent back all our prisoners to Chapoo, who had been previously 先前 kept at Hang-chow-foo; but that on their arrival 到达 there, it was found that the fleet 舰队 had already sailed 航行；帆, in consequence 后果 of which they were obliged 责成 to be taken back. He further added, "that he was desirous to negotiate 谈判 and make arrangements 安排, in order to protect the lives of the people of both countries."

Neither the prisoners nor the letter were, however, received for some time after‧ward 之后. By Elepoo's orders, thirty 三十 dollars were after‧ward 之后 paid to every white man, and fifteen 十五 dollars to every native 本土的 of India, or, as they call them, to every "black man;" thereby 从而 marking their sense of the distinction 区别 between them. Altogether, there were six‧teen 十六 prisoners restored by the Chinese, two of whom belonged to the Nemesis, one being an English seaman 水手, the other a negro lad 小伙子, who had been a slave at Macao, but had escaped and came on board the Nemesis, where he turned out a very smart 聪明, useful 有用 lad 小伙子. They had been kidnapped 绑架 at Chusan, and thence carried over to the main‧land 大陆.

After having been brought back to Hang-chow-foo, from Chapoo, the prisoners remained there five days, and were well fed feed and taken care of. They were then put into sedan chairs, and carried through the whole Chinese army encamped to the south‧ward 南方‧病房 of that city. The camp appeared to be of immense 极大的 extent, and full of soldiers, who crowded round the sedan chairs with eager 渴望的 curiosity 好奇心, but without attempting to offer any violence 暴力. They appeared particularly amused 使人发笑 at the appearance of the black men. It was remarked, that about one in ten 十 of the soldiers was armed with a match‧lock 比赛；火柴‧锁, the rest having only spears 矛, swords, and bows and arrows, the latter of which they seemed to be most proud of. The danger they ran of having their clothes set on fire by the match, particularly when wounded, or by the ignition of the powder, always made them more or less afraid of arming themselves with the match‧lock 比赛；火柴‧锁.

After travelling for several days, partly in sedans and partly along canals, during which they passed a large town, called Chow-king, apparently as large as the capital itself 本身, the prisoners arrived at Yuyow, on the 11th of June, whence they were conveyed 传达 to Ningpo, and after a very short halt 停, proceeded 继续 down the river to Chinhai, where they were most joyfully 快乐 received on board H.M. brig Pelican, by Capt. Napier.

Communications subsequently took place between Elepoo and our military 军事 and naval 海 commanders-in-chief. In one of these Elepoo says, that he is surprised to learn that the fleet 舰队 of our "honourable country had sailed up the Woosung river, firing guns and stirring 搅动 up a quarrel 争吵; and then expresses his regret 后悔 that the war had already lasted so long, and that many lives had been lost, and unspeakable misery 痛苦 produced. Is it not far better to enjoy the blessings 祝福 of peace than to fight for successive 连续 years, and to fill the land with the bodies of the slain?" This, however, was merely an attempt to lull 麻痹 the activity of our commanders, and to delay their measures by pretence of negotiation 谈判.

The reply of Sir Hugh Gough and Sir William Parker was characteristic 特性—namely, "that they were thankful 感谢 to Elepoo for having sent back the British subjects who were prisoners, and begged 乞讨 to assure 向…保证；肯定地说 him that they gladly recognised in this act the good feeling which should always subsist between civilized nations. In respect to the other letter they added, that with the utmost 极 desire to lessen 变少；减轻 the calamities of war, it was their duty to proceed 继续 with hostilities 敌意 until they were assured 向…保证；肯定地说 that a functionary, duly 适时地 authorized 授权 by his Imperial Majesty, should be prepared to negotiate 谈判 a peace, and to meet those just demands which had been repeatedly 反复 submitted 给 to his Imperial Majesty. With every respect for his exalted position and acknowledged 确认 probity, the high British officers must remind his excellency, that they have not yet been apprized that he is authorized 授权 to treat, on the conditions promulgated 颁布 by the British government."

The high tone 音 of these letters must have rather surprised both the veteran 老将 Elepoo and the imperial 帝国 cabinet 内阁. They had been so long accustomed 使习惯 to communicate 通信 with foreigners 外国人 only through inferior 下 agents, that they could hardly bring themselves on a sudden to adopt the practice of conducting 进行 negotiations 谈判 upon a footing of perfect equality 平等. The ingenious 巧妙 expedient was therefore resorted 度假胜地 to of sending to Canton to order up some of the Hong merchants to act as mediators 中间人. The aged Howqua excused 原谅 himself on account of his infirmities, but sent his only surviving 生存 son in his place, accompanied 陪 by Samqua, another Hong merchant 商人 of repute 名气, and two linguists 语言学家.

The journey 旅行 from Canton to the province 省 of Che-keang, or rather to that part of it in which their services might be required, Hang-chow-foo, or Soo-chow-foo, a distance of upwards 向上 of six hundred 百 geographical 地理 miles, was no pleasing task 任务 in the middle of summer, particularly in a country where the only mode of travelling is in sedan chairs. However, they were compelled 迫使 to go, but were speedily 迅速 sent back again without having been permitted to hold any communication 通讯 whatever with any of our high officers. Indeed, Sir Henry Pottinger had long before so positively 积极 refused to receive both the Hong merchants and the Prefect of Canton, that it is surprising how any further expectation 期望 could have been formed that their services would be required.

While speaking of the Hong merchants, it is worth mentioning, that about this time notice was sent by the aged Howqua to the foreign residents 居民 at Canton, that there was reason to believe that some of the wells had been poisoned 毒药, and that there were vendors 供应商 of poisoned provisions 规定 about the streets. If this report was true, the diabolical purpose was thus frustrated 阻挠, and no bad results followed.

We must now return to the operations of our forces, subsequently to the capture 捕获 of Chapoo. Fortunately the health of the troops 部队 had been good during their ten 十 days' stay on shore, so that nearly the whole force was in a condition to take part in the projected 项目 operations in the Yangtze river. Lieutenant-Colonel Tomlinson, whose 谁的 death was so much lamented 哀叹 by all his brother officers, was buried 埋葬 at sea soon after Chapoo was taken, being carried out in the Phlegethon, as it was feared that if a grave 坟墓；严重的 were dug 挖:dig for him on shore, his remains might be taken up by the Chinese, and a great boast 自夸 made of their having killed one of the high English officers.

On the 27th May, a great part of the troops 部队 were embarked 从事 on board the different transports 运输, and the remainder 余 on the following morning, when the whole fleet 舰队 got under weigh. On the 29th, they anchored 锚 in a safe and extensive sound, which had been discovered by Captains Kellett and Collinson, at the Rugged Islands, about forty 四十 miles to the east‧ward 东方的 of Chapoo. Some days were spent at this anchor‧age 锚‧年龄, in order that a proper channel 渠道 into the Yangtze river for large vessels might be carefully 小心 examined. During this interval 间隔, the Admiral took an opportunity of revisiting 重温 Chusan, in the H.C. steamer Pluto, which had just arrived from England, together with the small iron steamer Ariadne, from Bombay.

On the 5th June, the whole fleet 舰队 stood up towards the entrance 入口 of the river, but their progress was much delayed 延迟 by the great strength of the tides, and also by fogs 多雾路段, so that they did not reach the appointed rendezvous off the Amherst rocks, (a little to the east‧ward 东方的 of the mouth of the river,) until the 8th, having always been obliged 责成 to anchor 锚 at night.

A further delay now occurred 发生, while the Modeste, with the Nemesis and Pluto steamers 汽船, were detached 分离 to intercept 截距 the communications 通讯 up the river, and to reconnoitre the defences of Woosung. A large fleet 舰队 of trading junks 破烂 was soon espied near the latter place, and the Nemesis was ordered to give chase 追, and bring them to. She very soon got ahead of them, and cut them off, obliging 责成 them to anchor 锚 immediately. Some, however, persisted 坚持 in holding their course, until several shots had been fired across their bows. The junkmen appeared terribly frightened, although Mr. Gutzlaff, who was on board the Nemesis, assured them that they would receive no injury 伤, and would be allowed to depart 离开 again, as soon as their cargoes 货物 had been examined.

A great number of junks 破烂 were found laden 载货 with the most beautiful 美丽 fish, very carefully 小心 packed in ice, probably destined 注定 for Nankin, and for places along the imperial 帝国 canal; but it is remarkable that none of these cargoes 货物 were fallen in with after‧ward 之后, higher up the river; which tended to prove that there were innumerable 无数 canals by which they could convey 传达 their produce into the interior 室内, without proceeding 继续 up the main river beyond a certain point, thereby 从而 avoiding the delays 延迟 occasioned by the currents, and the dangers of the navigation 导航. This excellent opportunity of getting well supplied with fish and ice was not allowed to pass unheeded, but none of the junks 破烂 were detained 扣留 beyond a few hours. One junk 破烂, however, was always kept back, until another made its appearance; but, as it was impossible for strangers 陌生人 to distinguish at a distance the kind of junks 破烂 which were loaded with such a welcome cargo 货物, every captain was made to understand that he would have to supply fish and ice for the use of the steamer, until he could point out another junk 破烂 coming up the river with a similar 类似 cargo 货物, which was then to take his place, and he was to be liberated 解放. In this way, one continued to succeed the other. This hint 暗示 was quite sufficient 足够 to put the fellows in excellent humour. It was curious to observe what a sharp look-out they kept, frequently climbing up to the mast 桅杆-head to see if their longed-for substitute 替代 was approaching. The one who last arrived soon reconciled 调和 himself to this fate 命运 very good-naturedly, when informed by his predecessor 前任 that no great harm 损害 would be done to him. They all, however, seemed very glad 高兴的 to get away, the moment per‧mission 允许 was given to them, and refused all kind of payment 付款 when offered. Fresh fish of the best quality, and plenty of ice to cool the wine and beer 啤酒, were unexpected 意外 luxuries 豪华.

At Woosung, Captain Watson, with the Modeste, which was anchored 锚 just out of range of the batteries 电池, was occupied 占据 for several days in sounding the channel 渠道, and was assisted in this duty by the Pluto, under Lieutenant Tudor. They were ordered to reconnoitre the mouth of the Woosung river, (which empties itself 本身 into the Yangtze, about twenty 二十-five miles up its southern 南部的 branch,) preparatory 预备 to the grand attack upon the batteries 电池.

The night of the 11th of June was particularly dark and rainy 多雨的, and the opportunity appeared singularly 单数 favourable for making a close reconnoissance of the batteries 电池. The Modeste lay some way off shore, and the tide was running so strong that it was impossible for Captain Hall, who had anchored 锚 the Nemesis much nearer in, to communicate 通信 with his senior 前辈 officer, Captain Watson, concerning the plan which he proposed for reconnoitring the batteries 电池. About two hours before mid‧night 午夜, the cutter of the Nemesis was ordered away, manned and armed, to make a close examination 检查 of the batteries 电池, and of the channel 渠道 leading into the Woosung river, which the former were principally 原则上 designed to protect.

Having carefully 小心 sounded the channel 渠道, Captain Hall boldly pushed in as quietly as possible, towards the front of the batteries 电池; and being favoured by the boisterous weather, he landed on the beach 海滩 without being discovered. He could now distinguish the Chinese sentry quite near him; and on looking through one of the embrasures he could see one of the military 军事 mandarins on duty, going his rounds along the battery 电池, attended by two armed soldiers, one of whom carried a large paper lantern 灯笼 before him, which threw a strong light in his face, and prevented him of course from seeing objects, even at a very short distance from him. It was evident 明显, therefore, that the Chinese were upon the alert 警报; though it would have been very easy, with the help of the boat's crew 全体工作人员；全体船员, to have made prisoners both of the mandarin and two soldiers, before the alarm could have been given.

After three hours' examination 检查, and a heavy pull against the rapid current which prevails 战胜 there, the boat of the Nemesis got back to the vessel; and on the following day she rejoined 归队 the Admiral off the Amherst rocks. It was about this time that the little Ariadne steamer, having been sent to ascertain 探明 the exact position of a rock lying off the mouth of the Yangtze, unfortunately 不幸 ran directly upon it, and was bilged. A sail 航行；帆 was immediately passed under her bottom, to cover the leak 泄漏, and she was towed 拖 by the Sesostris into Chusan harbour, where, owing to some unforeseen accident, she after‧ward 之后 went down in deep water, and all attempts to get her up again failed.

On the 13th, Sir William Parker, in the Cornwallis, accompanied 陪 by the Blonde, Columbine, Jupiter troop 部队-ship, and the Phlegethon, Tenasserim, and Medusa steamers 汽船, together with twelve 十二 transports 运输, got under weigh from the anchor‧age 锚‧年龄 off Amherst rocks, and succeeded in reaching the mouth of the Woosung river, without any accident whatever. The Clio, Bentinck, (since called Plover,) Starling, and two transports 运输, had been stationed as beacon-vessels, to mark the proper channel 渠道, which, however, was so shallow 3, that for a part of the distance there was little more water (only a few feet) than the actual draught of the Cornwallis.

On the following day, the Admiral and the General proceeded 继续 in the Medusa steamer, the smallest which was under his command since the loss of the Ariadne, and jocularly christened the Pilot 飞行员 Fish, to make a close reconnoissance of the whole line of defences extending along both sides of the Woosung river.

It is here necessary to bear in mind the relative position of the Woosung river in respect to the Yangtze, in order to avoid confusion 混乱 in reading the account of the operations. The former empties itself 本身 into the latter on its right bank, and the village or small town of Woosung, which contains nearly five hundred 百 houses, stands at its mouth. This place was visited by Mr. Medhurst, during his missionary 传教士 tour up the coast of China in 1835, and the people were there found to be remarkably civil 国内 and well disposed 部署.

The breadth 宽度 of the river at its entrance may be about a mile, but the channel 渠道 for vessels of mode‧rate 有节制的 burden 负荷，重负 is some‧what 有些 intricate 错综复杂, and scarcely 缺乏的 more than three hundred 百 yards wide. The course of the river runs nearly north and south, and, as it joins the great Yangtze, its banks gradually widen 放宽 out, until they are soon lost in the banks of the larger river. The principal 主要 line of defence was situated 位于 along its western bank, running from the upper end of the village of Woosung for a distance of full three miles along the river's mouth, and curving gradually round towards the banks of Yangtze river.

The town of Paoushan is situated 位于 nearly two miles in the rear 后 of the batteries 电池 at that end. This long line of embrasures mounted not less than one hundred 百 and thirty 三十-four guns; but they were generally a great deal too wide, and the battery 电池 was constructed 构造 of earth, very much like the works already described at Chusan. Stakes were driven in along the front to protect it from the sudden landing of troops 部队, and probably to secure 安全 the banks from the effects of inundations.

Just above the village of Woosung, and skirting 裙子 it on its southern 南部的 side, was a large creek 溪 or canal, communicating 通信 with the river, and protected by a strong semi‧circular 半‧圆形的 stone battery 电池, regularly 经常 built, and mounting ten 十 brass 3 24-pounder guns. From its position it served to defend the river itself 本身, for it commanded the whole reach, as well as the mouth of the creek 溪.

On the eastern side of the river, opposite Woosung, stood a strong fort 堡, principally 原则上 built of brick 砖, nearly of a circular 圆形的 form, and from its elevation 海拔 calculated to have a long range. It was flanked 侧翼 by a line of embankments, with embrasures not yet completed, but mounting altogether twenty 二十-one guns. There were one hundred 百 and seventy 七十-five guns mounted for the defence of Woosung. But it was not the number of guns which constituted the strength of its defences. The choicest Tartar troops 部队 had been collected at this point, who were prepared to defend it obstinately. They worked their guns with great spirit, and kept up a better sustained fire than they had done on any previous 以前 occasion; and when their principal 主要 line of battery 电池 was turned by the movement 运动 of a body of seamen and marines 海洋 upon their flank 侧翼, they defended themselves with remarkable obstinacy and courage, and did not hesitate 犹豫 to measure the sword 4 with the cutlass, or to cross the spear 矛 with the bayonet.

There was some difficulty in finding a spot where troops 部队 could be disembarked with a view to turn the position, for the water shoaled to three feet, within two hundred 百 yards of the banks, and the disembarkation could only be effected under cover of the guns of our ships.

On the morning of the 16th, both the tide and the state of the weather being favourable, the Admiral determined that the attack should be made without further delay, and ordered that the ships should be towed 拖 into action by the steamers 汽船, so that they would be enabled 启用 to take up the precise 精确 positions allotted 分配 to them. There were five steamers 汽船 ready for the service, besides the little Medusa, which was reserved to meet any unforeseen contingency 偶然性. It was the first action in which the ships of war were all towed 拖 into their appointed stations. The little Algerine was the only exception, as she was directed to get in as near as possible under sail. Even the North Star, Captain Sir E. Home, which only came in sight just as the action had already commenced 开始, was towed 拖 in by the Tenasserim, which, after placing the Blonde in her proper position, was sent out on purpose to fetch 取 her.

The Cornwallis and Blonde, being the two heaviest ships, were to take up their positions in front of the batteries 电池, just below the village of Woosung, and the light squadron 队 was then to pass them and proceed 继续 up the river to attack the village, and the battery 电池 at the mouth of the creek 溪 above it, and also the circular 圆形的 battery 电池 on the opposite or east side of the river. The light squadron 队 consisted 组成 of the Modeste, Columbine, and Clio, towed 拖 respectively 分别 by the Nemesis, Phlegethon, and Pluto.

The channel 渠道 had been buoyed off the previous 以前 night, and two junks 破烂 had been moored 泊 so as to mark the entrance, on the eastern side of which there ran out a long sand-bank.

At the dawn 黎明 of day on the 16th all the ships of war got under weigh, and by six o'clock they were in tow 拖 of their respective 各自 steamers 汽船. In this instance 例, and indeed through‧out 始终 all the operations in the north of China, under Sir William Parker, the steamers 汽船 were always lashed 睫毛 along‧side 并肩 the vessels they had to tow 拖, instead of going ahead. This plan was found to answer remarkably well in the intricate 错综复杂 navigation 导航 of the Yangtze river, as the movements 运动 of both vessels were more easily managed. The Blonde, towed 拖 by the Tenasserim, led in towards the batteries 电池; the Cornwallis followed, bearing the Admiral's flag 旗；石地板, and lashed 睫毛 along‧side 并肩 of the Sesostris. This post of honour was assigned 分配 to the Blonde, because, as soon as the light squadron 队 had passed up the Woosung, she would have been nearer at hand to support them, if necessary.

The Blonde and Cornwallis received the fire of the Chinese, which was opened with great spirit, without returning a shot, until they had anchored 锚 by the stern 严肃 in excellent positions. The light squadron 队 then passed them, except the little Algerine, which could not follow the rest under sail, and therefore brought up a little astern of the Admiral's ship.

The Modeste, under Captain Watson, who commanded the light squadron 队, was towed 拖 by the Nemesis up the river in gallant style 样式, boldly dashing 短跑 in towards the creek 溪 above the village of Woosung, and receiving a severe and well-directed fire from the whole line of batteries 电池, but more particularly from the battery 电池 of ten 十 brass guns situated 位于 at the corner of the creek 溪, the approach to which, as before described, it commanded. Both of these vessels suffered a good deal in executing 执行 this bold 胆大的；醒目的 manœuvre; and in order to shelter the men, they were all ordered by Captain Hall to lie down at quarters, on board the Nemesis, until the Modeste had been placed in a good position. The fire of the Chinese was severe and well directed, and the Nemesis suffered a good deed 行为 as well as the Modeste.

Some way further up the river, four‧teen 十四 war-junks 破烂 were in sight, and also five large newly 最近，新近-built wheel-boats, each moved by four wooden 木制的 paddle 桨-wheels. These vessels also opened fire, but at such a distance that their shot fell short. The Columbine, towed 拖 by the Phlegethon, and the Clio by the Pluto, followed their gallant leader up the river towards the creek 溪.

In the meantime, the North Star was observed just coming up towards the mouth of the river, and the Tenasserim steamer, which had just cast 投 off the Blonde, was now sent out to tow 拖 her into action, and she was placed just ahead of the Blonde.

The Nemesis cast 投 off the Modeste as soon as she had carried her up to the mouth of the creek 溪, and within musket-shot of the ten 十 gun-battery 电池, and then opened fire with her fore‧most 最重要的是 gun upon the war-junks 破烂, and with her after-gun upon the battery 电池 itself 本身. The junks 破烂 returned the fire as the Nemesis advanced towards them, but the moment she came within range of grape 葡萄 and canister, the Chinese Commodore, or Admiral, set the example of running away, which all the rest were glad 高兴的 enough to follow. They now made for the shore the best way they could, each trying which could reach it the quickest, but the wheel-boats had a decided advantage, and were moved through the water at the rate of about three and a half knots 结 an hour. Grape and canister were now poured into them as fast as the guns could be loaded. The confusion among the Chinese sailors 水手 was great: some took to their boats or sampans, others jumped over‧board 落水, and tried to swim ashore 岸上, and a few of these must have been drowned.

The wheel-boats were, as a matter of curiosity 好奇心, the first boarded, and it was after‧ward 之后 ascertained 探明 that they were each commanded by a mandarin of high rank 排列: which marks the importance they gave to them. These wheel-junks 破烂 were fitted with two paddle 桨-wheels on either side, strongly constructed 构造 of wood. The shaft 轴, which was also of wood, had a number of strong wooden cogs upon it, and was turned by means of a capstan, fitted also with cogs, and worked round by men. The machinery was all below, between decks 甲板, so that the men were under cover. They were all quite newly 最近，新近-built, and carried some two, some three, newly 4-cast 投 brass guns, besides a number of large ginjals. A quantity of matchlocks, spears 矛, swords, & 功放;c., were also found on board.

In pursuing 追求 two of the largest junks 破烂 too close in shore, the Nemesis took the ground when the tide was falling. The Phlegethon came up at this time, and tried to tow 拖 her off, but without success, and she, therefore, stuck stick fast for some hours. But the boats were sent away manned and armed under Mr. Galbraith, with orders to capture 捕获 and destroy the rest of the junks 破烂 which were floating about the river, deserted 沙漠；抛弃 by their crews. Other boats were sent to destroy those which had been run ashore 岸上, but it was seen from the mast 桅杆-head that the Chinese were lying in wait to cut them off among the scattered trees and buildings by the river side; and they were, therefore, ordered not to go out of gun-shot from the steamer.

The Phlegethon, under Lieutenant M'Cleverty, took part in the destruction of the junks 破烂, and out of the whole fleet 舰队 only two war-junks 破烂 escaped. Three wheel-boats and one junk 破烂 were after‧ward 之后 towed 拖 down the river to the fleet 舰队, but the rest were set on fire and destroyed.

To return to the advanced squadron 队. As soon as the Modeste was cast 投 off from the Nemesis, sail was made, and she was carried along‧side 并肩 a wharf or small jetty within the creek 溪, close to the village of Woosung. The ten 十-gun battery 电池 opposite kept up its fire upon her, but, under cover of a broad‧side 宽阔的‧边；面, the Modeste was made fast to the jetty. In this position she soon silenced the fort 堡 with her larboard-guns and small arms, and received little damage 损害 from the fire of the enemy, because they could not depress 压抑 their guns enough to bear upon her with effect, so close was she.

The pinnace was now sent ashore 岸上, manned and armed, to take possession of the fort 堡, and there was some skirmishing with the rear 后-guard of the Chinese who were retreating 撤退. Mr. Birch, with a party of seamen, was at the same time ordered to spike 穗 the guns; and at this moment the Columbine, followed by the Pluto steamer, came up, and poured in a well-directed fire upon the column 柱 of the retreating 撤退 enemy.

During all this time, the Cornwallis, Blonde, and North Star were hotly engaged 从事 with the batteries 电池, abreast of which they were anchored 锚, and soon made the Chinese slacken their fire. Perceiving this, Captain Watson boldly determined to land, with the marines 海洋 and small-arm men of the Modeste, Columbine, and Clio, within the creek 溪, in the hope of being able to turn the enemy's flank 侧翼 next the village, and also cut off their retreat 撤退. A body of the Chinese were observed lying down under cover of the embankment, apparently in readiness 准备就绪 to meet their enemy. Captain Watson now formed his men, and gallantly dashed 短跑 on towards the Chinese, but had to cross a deep canal, over which there were several small wooden bridges, in the rear 后 of the works.

The Chinese received them with a heavy fire of matchlocks and ginjals, but gradually retreated 撤退 as Captain Watson advanced, and fell back upon their main body, who now shewed a most determined front, and deliberately 故意 planted their ginjals directly in the only path by which they could be approached. Captain Watson had already ten 十 of his men wounded; and, finding his party getting a little straggled, he drew them outside of the line of embankment, in order to form them again. The Chinese now came boldly out, brandishing their spears 矛 in defiance 蔑视; and threw a volley 齐射 of hand grenades 手榴弹, which went over their heads.

At this moment, Captain Bourchier, seeing Captain Watson's party hotly engaged 从事 with the Chinese, who were much their superiors 优越 in numbers, dashed 短跑 on shore from the Blonde, directly in front of the battery 电池; and at the same moment Captain Watson's party made a rush at the enemy, who stood their ground so firmly, that for the second time the spear 矛 and the bayonet were crossed, and no one who witnessed the obstinacy and determination 决心 with which the Chinese defended themselves could refuse them full credit 信用 for personal 个人 bravery 勇敢. They were now driven back under cover of some houses, where they rallied 团结.

By this time the marines 海洋 and seamen of the Blonde and Cornwallis were landed nearly opposite those vessels, under Captain Bourchier, Captain Peter Richards, and Sir Everard Home, and joined Captain Watson. Sir William Parker also landed; and, as soon as the men were all formed, they succeeded in driving the enemy out of the whole line of batteries 电池. A small party from the Algerine, under Lieutenant Maitland, boldly landed before they could be well supported, and were a little cut up.

The Sesostris in the meantime had been closely engaged 从事 with the strong fort 堡 on the eastern side of the entrance of the river, where she took the ground in such a position that she was able to bring her guns to bear, so as soon to silence the enemy, when Captain Ormsby landed at the head of a body of small-arm men from the Sesostris and Tenasserim, and took possession of the fort 堡.

The troops 部队 were not landed in time to take any part in the engagement 订婚, for most of the steamers 汽船 had taken the ground, and it was not until past twelve 十二 o'clock that there were any means of putting the troops 部队 ashore 岸上. Sir Hugh Gough then landed just opposite the Cornwallis, and determined to advance immediately upon the town of Paoushan in the rear 后, towards which it was understood a large body of the Chinese had fled, together with the governor of the provinces 省. Major-General Schoedde was now ordered to move forward, so as to get in the rear 后 of the town, in hopes of cutting off the enemy who might be retreating 撤退 in that direction; while Sir Hugh Gough, with the rest of the force, rein‧force 加强 by the naval 海 brigade 旅, moved along the river batteries 电池.

On reaching Paoushan, it was found already in the possession of Major-General Schoedde's brigade 旅, which had entered it without opposition; the soldiers and a great part of the inhabitants 居民 flying out of it in great consternation. The walls of the town were not found to be in very good repair 修理, but they mounted about fifty 五十 guns, of which seven‧teen 十七 were brass. The main body of the Chinese were ascertained 探明 to have fled in the direction of Soo-chow-foo.

The number of killed and wounded, on the Chinese side, was less than might have been expected, probably not exceeding 超过 altogether a couple of hundred 百; but among them was the commander 命令-in-chief of the Chinese troops 部队. On our side, one officer (Lieutenant Hewitt, R.M.) and one seaman 水手, were killed; and among the wounded were Mr. Purvis, midshipman of the Blonde; Mr. A. J. Smith, mate, and Mr. Roberts, master of the Sesostris; together with fifteen 十五 seamen, one corporal 下士, and five royal marines 海洋, and one Bombay artillery‧man 炮兵‧男人, most of them severely, and several dangerously 危险.

Many large and well-made guns were captured 捕获, particularly some newly 5-cast 投 brass guns, of great length. Some of the best and heaviest guns were mounted upon the ten 十-gun fort 堡, at the point of the creek 溪 where the Modeste was so hotly engaged 从事. But the greater part of the guns were of small calibre, and about one-half of the whole number captured 捕获 were 6-pounders, or under. The largest were 24-pounders, and there were a good many varying 变化 from 10 to 18-pounders. About two hundred 百 and fifty 五十 guns were captured 捕获 altogether, including those taken at Paoushan; of these, forty 四十-two were brass.

There was one very curious iron gun, of a peculiar shape, being very small at the muzzle, and very large from the middle to the breach 突破口. It was of Chinese casting 种姓, and had an inscription 题词 on it, which shewed that it was upwards 向上 of three hundred 百 years old. There was also another curious old gun, with the arms of Spain upon it. Besides the above, a number of large ginjals and matchlocks, together with military 军事 stores of all kinds, were discovered and destroyed; and to these must also be added the guns destroyed in the war-junks 破烂.[64]

The Chinese were not prepared to expect the complete defeat they sustained at Woosung. The great extent of their preparations 制备 for defence, the determined resistance 抵抗 they offered, and the improvements 起色 they had adopted in the form and casting 种姓 of their guns, and in the construction 施工 of their junks 破烂, sufficiently 充分地 indicate 表明 the importance which they attached 连接 to the defence of this position. Precisely 精确地 in proportion 比例 to their previous 以前 expectations 期望 were the disappointment 失望 and panic 恐慌 produced by their defeat.

Information was obtained 获得, through Mr. Gutzlaff, that the Chinese were removing 去掉 their property and families from the important commercial town of Shanghai, situated 位于 about four‧teen 十四 miles up the Woosung river; from which place it was known that there was very extensive water-communication 通讯 with some of the most important districts and cities of China.

No time was to be lost in taking advantage of the prevailing 战胜 panic 恐慌; and, accordingly 于是, on the day after the capture 捕获 of Woosung, the Nemesis and Medusa steamers 汽船 were sent up, with Captain Kellett on board, for the purpose of sounding the channel 渠道, and to ascertain 探明 what defences the Chinese had constructed 构造 higher up. The deepest channel 渠道 was found to run along the left bank for about two miles, and then to cross over towards the right bank, by keeping which on board there was water enough for a frigate at half- flood 洪水.

About seven 七 miles up, they came in sight of two forts 堡, one on either side of the river. One of these fired off all its guns at the two steamers 汽船, but the shot fell far short. Soon after‧ward 之后 a blaze 火焰 was seen to burst out in each of the forts 堡, and, on inquiry 调查, it was found that the Chinese had set the buildings on fire, and then abandoned 放弃 the works. Being ordered not to proceed 继续 further than this point, the two steamers 汽船 rejoined 归队 the Admiral, in order to report the result of the reconnoissance.

The same afternoon, the Modeste, Columbine, and Clio, towed 拖 as before by the Nemesis, Phlegethon, and Pluto, were sent up the river, under the command of Captain Watson, with orders to place them near the two batteries 电池, but out of their range, and then to land and destroy the guns, if the Chinese were found to have abandoned 放弃 them.

On the morning of the 18th, these orders were skilfully executed 执行; but the Clio unfortunately 不幸 grounded, and, as the tide was falling, could not be towed 拖 off. Captain Watson landed with the marines 海洋 and small-arm men of the Modeste and Columbine, and took possession of the forts 堡 which had been abandoned 放弃. In the larger fort 堡 on the right bank were found forty 四十-one guns, eight 八 of which were brass, and, in the opposite fort 堡, four‧teen 十四 guns, of which like‧wise 同样 eight 八 were brass, or, more properly speaking, of copper 铜. Many of these were found dismounted, and the carriages 运输 taken away. The tents and buildings had been already destroyed. Higher up the river eight 八 war-junks 破烂 were discovered, which were set on fire and destroyed, except one, in which the copper guns, captured 捕获 in the forts 堡, were put on board and sent down the river.

Reinforcements had now arrived to join both arms of the expedition 远征, but were just too late to take part in the action at Woosung. H.M.S. Dido, Honourable Captain Keppell, arrived the very evening after the engagement 订婚; and, on the next day, the 2nd regiment 团 Madras Native Infantry, and detachments 分离 of Artillery, with Sappers and Miners, also joined the forces under Sir Hugh Gough.

The 19th was the day fixed for the capture 捕获 of Shanghai, for which purpose one column 柱 of our troops 部队 was to march by land, under Lieutenant-Colonel Montgomerie, M.A., consisting 组成 of about one thou‧sand 千 men, including the 18th and 49th regiments 团, with detachments 分离 of the Madras horse artillery 炮兵 and the royal artillery 炮兵, with Sappers and Miners. The rest of the troops 部队 were embarked 从事 in the Tenasserim, Nemesis, Phlegethon, and Pluto steamers 汽船, which took in tow 拖 respectively 分别 the North Star, Modeste, Columbine, and Clio. The marines 海洋 of the squadron 队 were also taken up in the little Medusa; and Sir William Parker and Sir Hugh Gough, with their staff, accompanied 陪 by Captains Bourchier, Richards, Keppel, and other officers, proceeded 继续 up the river in that vessel.

They passed the deserted batteries 电池, and met with no opposition until they came within sight of the city, where a long, well-constructed 构造 battery 电池, situated 位于 below the town on the same or the left bank of the river, opened fire on the North Star and the other vessels, as they approached, but at such a distance as to do no damage 损害. A couple of broadsides from the North Star and Modeste, with a few shot from the Tenasserim and Nemesis, sufficed 满足 to drive the Chinese out of the works. Captain Bourchier, with the seamen and marines 海洋, immediately landed and took possession of the battery 电池, upon which no less than forty 四十-nine 九 guns were found mounted, seven‧teen 十七 of which were of copper 铜.

The steamers 汽船 conveying 传达 the troops 部队 soon reached the city of Shanghai, where the 55th regiment 团 was landed from the Nemesis, upon a small jetty, without the necessity 必须 of using boats; another instance 例 of the great utility 效用 of flat-bottomed, iron steamers 汽船. The city had been already taken possession of by the column 柱 under Colonel Montgomerie, without resistance, and many of the respect‧able 可敬 inhabitants 居民 were hurrying off in great consternation, while the low rabble had, as usual, commenced 开始 their work of robbery 抢劫案 and destruction the moment the authorities 权威 left the place.

Colonel Montgomerie's column 柱 had met with no opposition during its advance, and but little difficulty, except occasionally 4 in crossing the guns over the narrow water-courses. They passed close in the rear 后 of the fort 堡 which had opened on the ships, without seeing it; but, upon hearing the firing, they hastened 加速 on to the city, in the belief that the sound of the firing came from that direction. A large body of the Chinese however, was observed in full retreat 撤退, and a few rockets 火箭 were thrown among them to hasten 加速 their flight 飞行; but, owing to the many water-courses, and the swampy nature of the rice grounds, it was impossible to come to close quarters with them.

On reaching the north-gate of the city, there appeared to be no preparations 制备 made for resistance, and the only two guns which could be seen mounted at the gate‧way 网关 looked harm‧less 无害 enough. In fact, there was no one at the gate; and two or three of our men, having contrived 图谋 to get over the wall, soon opened the gate, and admitted the rest. It was now discovered that the place had been abandoned 放弃 by the authorities 权威 the previous 以前 evening. The people generally shewed no ill 生病 feeling towards the foreigners 外国人, but rather an inclination 倾角 to conciliate their good offices.

The city, which, though wealthy 富裕, and of more agree‧able 合适的 aspect 方面 than most other Chinese towns which had been visited, was not given up to plunder 掠夺; indeed, Sir Hugh Gough used every means in his power to prevent the commission 佣金 of any excesses 超过 whatever. Very little plunder 掠夺, or, as it was called, "loot 抢劫," was obtained 获得, and was almost entirely limited to curiosities 好奇心. There was no wanton aggression 侵略. Many of the houses were found deserted, and these were the only ones which suffered, except where down‧right 彻头彻尾 robbery 抢劫案 was committed 承诺 by the gangs 结伙 of Chinese plunderers.

Every effort was made to put a stop to these abominable proceedings 继续, and some of the most respect‧able 可敬 inhabitants 居民 were called upon to take charge of a few of the large deserted establishments 机构, particularly the pawnbrokers' shops, which, in all Chinese towns, are establishments of enormous 巨大 extent.[65]

As soon as the city was taken possession of, and guards placed at the gates, the Columbine and Medusa were sent a little way up the river, to endeavour to check the depopulation of the city, for the inhabitants 居民 at that time were hastening away in crowds, so that the river was actually covered with boats of all descriptions, laden 载货 with furniture 家具 and goods. The Nemesis was also sent up in search of war-junks 破烂, and to reconnoitre the country. No further hostile 敌对 preparations 制备, however, were discovered. Quiet was maintained 保持 within the city, and the vessels of war and steamers 汽船 were all anchored 锚 directly opposite the town.

The vast 广大 number of large trading-junks 破烂, which were lying there, surprised every one. Many of these were laden 载货 with valuable cargoes 货物; both banks of the river were completely lined with them; and there were also numerous large stone ware‧house 仓库, filled with merchandize, some of which contained large quantities 量 of sugar 食糖, salt, and provisions 规定; there were also extensive timber 木材-yards, and several large junks 破烂 upon the stocks.[66]

Shanghai must be a place of immense 极大的 commercial importance, not only as regards the internal 内部 traffic 交通 of the country, but also in respect to its foreign commerce, or at least its trade with the remoter 远程 parts of China, and even with Siam and Cochin-China. It is said to rank second only to Canton in commercial importance, particularly as the junks 破烂 belonging to the southern 南部的 provinces 省 are prohibited 禁止 from trading further north than this city, which therefore, in a certain degree, enjoys a monopoly 垄断. During Mr. Medhurst's visit to it, he reckoned 估计 that there were a thou‧sand 千 large junks 破烂 in the river; and on visiting it, not long after it was taken, and when the trade was almost entirely stopped, I was myself 我 much struck with the large size of the junks 破烂, which crowded both sides of the river.

Mr. Gutzlaff states that the imports 进口 of Shanghai already far exceed 超过 the exports 出口; and, therefore, the difficulty again arises as to the mode of payment 付款 for the additional 额外 imports 进口, which will soon find their way to Shanghai since the opening of the port 港口. The Americans look forward to getting a large supply of green tea at Shanghai in exchange for their cotton 棉, green tea being in extensive use among them.

Shanghai has immense 3 internal 内部 communication 通讯 with all the central 中央 parts of China; it is situated 位于 in the richest and most productive 生产的 part of the country, and the adjacent 邻 district has been called the Chinese Arcadia. The country is one fertile 沃 flat, occasionally 5 subject to ravages 蹂躏 by inundations, but generally drained 排水 and cultivated with great care. In some parts, the land, lying below the level of the rivers, is only maintained 保持 by strong and extensive embankments. The whole country is covered with hamlets 村庄 and villages, and cotton 棉 is cultivated in great quantities.

The inhabitants 居民 of Shanghai have, on all occasions, shewn a friendly disposition 性格 towards foreigners 外国人; and where the latter have been treated with rudeness, it has been solely 独自 by the orders of the mandarins, or at their instigation. Both Mr. Medhurst and Mr. Gutzlaff bear testimony 见证 to this fact, during their early visits; on which occasions the people eagerly 渴望的 asked to receive books, of which several thou‧sand 千 copies were distributed 分发. So important is the trade of this place, that the appointments 约定 in the public service are anxiously sought for, and the office of superintendent 所长 of customs 习惯 is considered extremely lucrative 有利可图.

Mr. Gutzlaff's testimony 见证 respecting this place is curious. Speaking of his visit, in 1832, he says, "the mandarins never directly interfered 干预 with my distributing 分发 books or con‧verse 交谈 with the people; and after issuing the severest edicts against us, they gave us full per‧mission 允许 to do what we liked. They after‧ward 之后 praised 赞扬 our conduct 进行, but gave the people their paternal 父亲的 advice 劝告 to have nothing to do with us. An imperial 帝国 edict arrived, ordering us to be treated with compassion 同情, but not to be supplied with rice or water. But they sent us quantities of live stock and flour 面粉, upon the sole 唯一 condition that we would not pay for them." It is, in fact, a curious thing to observe how easily the Chinese evade 逃避 all regulations 规 when their interest leads them to do so, and how readily they adopt every subterfuge.

I chanced to pay a visit to Shanghai the very day after the conclusion 结论 of peace was first made known in the town. We landed from our boat, at a little stone jetty in front of a deserted temple, before which there was an open paved 铺平 court, or square, crowded with people. Nothing could surpass 超过 the good order which prevailed 战胜; not a noise 噪音 or groan 呻吟 was heard, or inconvenience 不方便 of any kind experienced. Curiosity seemed to be the sole 唯一 absorbing 吸收 feeling, and one could hardly imagine that this was only the first week of peace, and that a hostile 敌对 force had a short time before occupied 占据 the city. A Chinese crowd is the most orderly in the world; and, if we may judge of civilization 文明 by the quiet, sober 清醒, deferential bearing of a large body of people crowded together in narrow streets, certainly the Chinese deserve 应受 to bear the palm 棕榈. A few soldiers were appointed to attend us through the town, who, instead of arms, carried a fan 扇子-case, tied round their waist 腰, and a whip 鞭打 in their hand, with which they cleared the way with apparent 清晰可见的；显而易见的；明白易懂的 good will, as we proceeded 继续 along the streets of the suburbs 市郊.

It was a curious sight to look down the long, narrow, paved 铺平 street, on each side of which were crowds of shaved 剃须 heads, each trying to raise itself 本身 an inch or two higher, to catch a glimpse 一瞥 of the passing strangers 陌生人. The steps and door‧way 门口 were crowded, and also a few of the windows; but most of the shops being shut 关闭, and the houses having generally only one story, there were none of those groups of figures, men, women, and children, rising in stages, one above the other, such as are seen in Europe from the bottom of the house to the top, when anything remarkable is to be seen.

The greatest contrast 对比, next to the immense collection of bald 秃 heads, and brown, roundish, ugly 难看的-looking features 特征, consisted 组成 in the total absence 缺席 of women, which, in any part of Europe, would have formed perhaps the most numerous and noisy 嘈杂 part of the assemblage 装配. There was no appearance whatever of rudeness or hostility 敌意; and when the people were warned out of the way, or pushed aside, and reminded, by a gentle touch of the whip 鞭打, that they must move out of the way, they did so in apparent 清晰可见的；显而易见的；明白易懂的 good humour.

The inner 里面的 town appeared to be only separated from the suburb 市郊 by the actual wall, there being little difference in the houses on one side or the other. Two or three additional 额外 soldiers turned out of the guard-house as we passed, and joined our escort 护送, certainly a shabby 破旧-looking set.

Much was said of the so-called tea-gardens of Shanghai; but, on reaching them, great was our astonishment 惊愕 to find that they ought rather to be called tea-ponds 池塘. According to our notions 概念, land and grass 草, and plants and flowers, are supposed to belong to gardens—even to tea-gardens; but, at Shanghai, it is quite the reverse 反向；倒转, for water pre‧dominate 掌握.

Ornamental gardening in China, properly so called, is extremely uncommon 罕见. At Canton there is a very good garden belonging to a Hong merchant 商人; but, generally speaking, the land is too precious 宝贵的, for the purpose of producing food, to permit the Chinese to devote 奉献 much space even to fruits.

At the entrance to the tea-gardens our approach was greeted 欢迎 by the plaintive voice of an old woman, who professed 宣称 to sing songs to the accompaniment 伴奏 of an instrument of a peculiar kind, covered with snake‧skin 蛇‧皮. It had three strings 绳子 fastened 系牢 to a long handle, with a small drum 鼓 at the end of it, and was played with a bow 弓.

The gardens were more remarkable from their novelty 新奇 than their beauty. The place consisted 组成 in reality 现实 of a sheet of nearly stagnant 滞 water, with paths or platforms 平台, or little islands, intersecting 相交 it in various directions, upon which were built summer-houses, or pavilions 亭 of various shapes, in Chinese style 样式, in which the good citizens of Shanghai assemble 集合 to drink tea (at any hour of the day), and smoke the pipe 管子, which is a Chinaman's invariable companion 同伴, for recreation 娱乐. There were also a few walks among heaps 堆 of stones, called artificial 人造的 rocks, with seats scattered here and there; but in most respects the whole place greatly disappointed 使失望 our expectations 期望.

Among the most remarkable objects at Shanghai were the enormous 巨大 ice-houses, both within and without the city, in which ice is stored for public use. This was a perfect luxury 豪华 to our soldiers and sailors when the place was taken.

We spent the night in a deserted joss-house, close to the landing-place; and, during the evening and the following day, crowds of curious visitors 访问者 came to look at us, and made themselves agree‧able 合适的 as well as they could. They seemed to be particularly pleased with the Company's new rupees with the queen's head upon them, and willingly 甘心 gave half a dollar each for them;—being rather more than their value. Glass bottles were in great request, and the brandy 白兰地 was pronounced 发音 excellent.

One of the principal 主要 mandarins came down to pay us a visit, preceded 优于 by criers and runners 跑步者; then came whippers-in, and a couple of executioners, with chains in their hands, as a sign of their calling; then came the great man, seated in a very gay 快乐的 sedan-chair; next followed a couple of dirty 肮脏-looking fellows with gigantic 巨大 fans 扇子; and two or three men mounted on ponies 小马 closed the procession 队伍. The people stood on either side the street, and gazed 凝视 in silence. They had little curiosity 好奇心 about the movements 运动 of the great man, but a vast 广大 deal concerning every step or look of the strange-looking foreigners 外国人. The mandarin was extremely courteous and well-bred 养育；繁殖:breed towards us, and we observed that he was treated with great deference 尊重, and no one except ourselves 我们自己 dared 敢 to sit in his presence.

An interesting incident 事件 occurred 发生 at Shanghai, not long after the peace. Sir Henry Pottinger, on his return from Nankin, went up in a steamer to Shanghai, to make arrangements 安排 about the future place of residence 住宅 for our consul, and also to settle about the ransom 赎金-money of the city. One morning, a boat came along‧side 并肩 the steamer, having on board a very respect‧able 可敬-looking man, in Chinese costume 服装, who sent up his card as "M. l'Evêque de Nankin," at the same time requesting an interview 访问 with the plenipotentiary.[67] This was readily acceded to. It now appeared that this gentle‧man 先生 was the head of the Roman-catholic missionaries 传教士 of the province 省 or district of Nankin; that he had been many years in China, suffering great tribulation, and in continual 持续 danger of his life; that the missionaries 传教士 had suffered great hard‧ship 苦, and many of them had lost their lives. For a great length of time he had not been able to hold any communication 通讯 with his fellow-labourers in any other part of China, and had been deprived 剥夺 of all tidings from any other country. He had lived in fear and trembling 发抖, but had personally 亲自 escaped persecution 迫害 by leading a very retired and unobtrusive life, and particularly by avoiding all interference 干涉 in public matters. He had been afraid to make himself known, or to have any communication 通讯 with Europeans, as long as the war lasted, as it would probably have caused him trouble. His flock 群 was numerous, but scattered. He had supported himself entirely by his missionary 传教士 labours, and had now joyfully 快乐 seized the opportunity to request that letters might be conveyed 传达 for him to Macao. He had removed 去掉 from Nankin, on the approach of our forces; and altogether there was much interest attached 连接 to his history.

There is a great abundance 丰富 of game to be found in the neighbourhood of Shanghai, principally 原则上 pheasants, and various kinds of wild fowl. But it greatly astonishes 使惊讶 the Chinese that any man should take the trouble to shoot birds, or find any amusement 娱乐 in the sport, when he could easily get people to shoot them for him upon very slight payment 付款.

The sum 和 agreed to be paid for the ransom 赎金 of Shanghai was said to be three hundred 百 thou‧sand 千 dollars, which was considered in the light of a contribution 贡献, similar 类似 to the ransom 赎金-money of Canton. Whatever the amount may have been, it was reckoned 估计 as part of the money stipulated 规定 for by the treaty 条约 of Nankin.

A quantity of guns, arms, and military 军事 stores, were, as usual, found in the arsenal 兵工厂 within the city, and also large stores of rice. Sixty-eight 八 guns (exclusive 独家 of those in the batteries 电池 below the town) were captured 捕获 at Shanghai. Seventeen of these were of copper 3, newly-cast 投, and very heavy, and, consequently 所以, valuable for the prize 3 fund. In a battery 电池 facing the river, fifty 五十-six guns were found, of which seven‧teen 十七 were brass 6-pounders. Altogether at Shanghai one hundred 百 and seventy 七十-one guns were captured 捕获. But, reckoning 估计 the whole number of guns taken in these operations, both at Woosung and at Shanghai, and in the various batteries 电池 on the river's banks, they will be found to amount to the amazing 使大为惊奇，使惊愕 number of three hundred 百 and sixty 六十 pieces, exclusive 独家 of those destroyed in the junks 破烂. Of these seventy 七十-six were of copper, some of them of great length and weight of metal, but of proportionably small bore bear. They looked very well outside, but the casting 种姓 of many of them was defective 缺陷, and not a few were made with a coating, or rather tube 管, of iron, about one and a half to two inches thick, along the bore, over which the copper was cast 投. At Shanghai also full nine 九 tons 吨 of gun‧powder 枪‧粉 were found, contained in three hundred 百 and thirty 三十 tubs 桶 and jars 罐. All the military 军事 stores were destroyed.

It was evident 明显 that great preparations 制备 had been made for the hoped-for defence of this important place; but, when the hour of trial came, and the news of the action at Woosung reached the city, the principal 主要 mandarins quitted 放弃 it in despair 绝望, and all hope of defence was given up.

On the morning of the 20th (the day after the city was taken), Captain Bourchier and Commander Kellett were ordered to proceed 继续 in the Phlegethon, accompanied 陪 by the Medusa, together with the barge 驳船 of the Cornwallis, carrying a few marines 海洋, and also a boat from the Columbine, to reconnoitre the river for a distance of thirty 三十 miles above the town. Two small field-works of five guns each were discovered upon the right bank of the river, and a consider‧able 大量 body of soldiers were discovered at some distance in the rear 后. Lieutenant Wise 明智的；聪明的 was sent, with the boats and marines 海洋 of the Cornwallis, for the purpose of destroying the works, which was effected without any resistance.

The report of what had been seen and done this day was considered so important and interesting, that Sir William Parker determined to continue the examination 检查 in person next day, still further up the river. About fifty 五十 marines 海洋 and seamen were embarked 从事 in the Nemesis, and the Admiral hoisted 提升 his flag 3 in her, accompanied 陪 by Captain Bourchier, Honourable Captain Keppel, Captain Lock, and other officers; and about noon 正午, on the 21st, they proceeded 继续 up the river, followed by the Phlegethon and Medusa.

The river gradually became narrower, but still carried from four to six fathoms water, and appeared to have an immense number of canals and water-courses connected with it. Many of these led directly towards the towns and villages, some of which could be just seen at a distance, others not far from the banks. The country looked rich, and was carefully 小心 laid out in rice-grounds, and otherwise well cultivated. It was not so picturesque 如画 as about Ningpo, but there was all the appearance of a thriving 兴旺 and industrious population. A heavy storm 暴风雨 of thunder 雷声 and lightning 闪电 came on in the afternoon, and the three steamers 汽船 were brought to anchor 锚 for the night a little above the two forts 堡 destroyed the day before.

On the following morning they again pursued 追求 their course up the river, and soon found that it divided itself 本身 into two branches of equal size, one flowing down from the east‧ward 东方的, and the other coming from the west‧ward 向西. They followed the latter, which gradually took a more northerly direction, but the water shoaled as they proceeded 继续, until, at the distance of a few miles from where they started, there was only one fathom; and, as the Nemesis and Phlegethon could not safely ascend 登 higher, the Admiral, with the other officers, removed 去掉 on board the Medusa, which being smaller, drew a foot to eighteen 十八 inches less water. But they were not able to go up more than eight 八 or nine 九 miles further; for they were stopped by the increasing 增加 shallowness of the water at the entrance of a large lagoon 泻湖. It was ascertained 探明, however, from some boatmen, who stated that they had left Soo-chow-foo only the previous 以前 day, that there was a direct communication 通讯 by water with that city, which could not be a great many miles distant. It could not be doubted, therefore, that this important city was easily accessible 无障碍 to our forces, should it be thought advisable 可取 to advance upon it.

Several large boats were coming down the river, laden 载货 with coal 煤, said to be brought from the neighbourhood of Soo-chow-foo, where iron also is believed to abound 盛产. Indeed, coal of very fair quality is found in many parts of this province 省, and the Nemesis was using it for steam 蒸汽 purposes at that very time.

The whole distance ascended 登 above Shanghai was about forty 四十-five miles, and it was matter of regret 后悔 that time could not be spared to explore the other, or eastern branch of the river. Several large pagodas were seen at a distance, one in particular to the north‧ward 北方, probably pointing out the neighbourhood of a large town.

The same evening the three iron steamers 汽船 returned to Shanghai, and anchored 锚 abreast of the town, where his Excellency, Sir Henry Pottinger, had just arrived from Hong-Kong, having touched at Amoy and at Chusan on his way up. It was also announced 宣布 that strong reinforcements 加强 had arrived at Chusan, and might be expected to join our forces in the Yangtze-Kiang in a few days. The names of ships and regiments 团 will be given together, in the order in which they moved up the river leading to Nankin. It will be sufficient 足够 here to mention, that no less than seventy 七十-three vessels of war and transports 运输 set sail from Woosung together; besides which two others were left at that anchor‧age 锚‧年龄, in order to blockade 封锁 the river leading to Shanghai. Several other vessels joined the expedition 远征 on its way up to Nankin, and after‧ward 之后.

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CHAPTER XXXV.

All intention of advancing upon the important cities of Hang-chow or Soo-chow-foo was now given up; large reinforcements 加强 had already arrived, and more were daily expected at Woosung; and it was resolved 解决 to advance immediately upon Nankin, the ancient capital of the empire 帝国. The navigation 导航 of the Yangtze river was almost entirely unknown 未知, only a small portion 3 of it having been surveyed 调查 by Captain Bethune in the Conway. To the Chinese themselves the ascent 上升 of large ships or junks 破烂, as far as Nankin, appeared quite impracticable, principally 原则上 owing to the amazing 使大为惊奇，使惊愕 strength of the currents, and the numerous sand-banks which render 给予 its channel 渠道 intricate 错综复杂.

Sir William Parker, however, felt so much confidence 信心 in his own resources 资源, and in the aid 援助 of his numerous steam 3-vessels, (several more of which had now arrived,) that he did not hesitate 犹豫 to under‧take 承担 the bold 胆大的；醒目的 measure of conducting 进行 a fleet 舰队 of between seventy 七十 and eighty 八十 sail, including two line of battle ships, besides the large troop 部队-ships, into the very heart of the empire 帝国, more than two hundred 百 miles from the sea. The whole commerce of this vast 广大 Yangtze river would thus be cut off; the Grand Canal itself 本身 would be blockaded 封锁, and it was hoped that we should be able to intercept 截距 the large fleet 舰队 of grain-junks 破烂, which, at this time of the year, carry up their cargoes 货物 to the imperial 帝国 metropolis, and not only furnish its inhabitants 居民 with food, but also the imperial 帝国 treasury 国库 with tribute 贡. It appeared, however, from official documents 文件 after‧ward 之后 found at Chin-keang-foo, the Tartar strong‧hold 据点 at the mouth of the Grand Canal, that the authorities 权威 had anticipated the possibility 可能性 of their communications 通讯 being interrupted 打断, and had, therefore, hastened on this annual 全年 supply, and had collected a body of militia 民兵 to act as an escort 护送 for it. It was ascertained 探明 that these grain-junks 破烂 had all crossed the Yangtze river, from the southern 南部的 to the northern branch of the canal, on the 26th of June—viz., a few days before our fleet 舰队 left Woosung.

On the 23rd of June, our troops 部队 returned from Shanghai to Woosung, principally 原则上 on board the steamers 汽船; but two companies of the 18th, and the Rifles, together with the horses of the artillery 炮兵, marched back by land, the guns being brought down on board the vessels. The Nemesis, having conveyed 传达 her detachments 分离 of troops 部队 to their respective 各自 transports 运输, volunteered 志愿者 to go and fetch 取 off the other division, and also the horses, which had marched over‧land 之上‧陆地；着陆, and had been waiting for several hours at Woosung without the means of getting on board their ships. The men were embarked 从事 direct from the river's bank, and the horses were hoisted 提升 in with slings 吊绳, and it was late at night before they were put on board their respective 各自 transports 运输; in doing which one boat was unfortunately 不幸 capsized.

The Belleisle, with the whole of the 98th on board, had just arrived from England, together with the Rattlesnake troop 部队-ship, and the Vixen, heavily 很大，沉重地-armed steamer, Commander H. Boyes; and the Proserpine, Captain J. J. Hough, R.N. They were preceded 优于 by the Endymion, 44 guns, Captain Honourable F. W. Grey; the Dido, 20, Honourable H. Keppel; Calliope, 26, Captain A. S. Kuper, C.B.; Childers, 16, Commander Halsted; and numerous transports 运输, having on board the 2nd and 6th regiments 团 Madras Native Infantry; also the Bengal Volunteers, and reinforcements 加强 of artillery 炮兵, together with the necessary proportion 比例 of camp followers 信徒.

Shortly after‧ward 之后 two French ships of war also arrived at Woosung, for the purpose of watching our movements 运动—the Erigone, 44, Captain Cecille, and the Favorite 喜爱的, 18, Captain Le Page. The latter attempted to follow the fleet 舰队 up the river, and the Admiral was politely 有礼貌的 requested to allow the use of one of his steamers 汽船 to assist 帮助；协助；援助 her in getting up; but this, of course, could not be complied 执行 with, as our steamers 汽船 were all indispensable 不可缺少, to enable 启用 the numerous fleet 舰队 of transports 运输 to stem the current, and to tow 拖 them off whenever they chanced to get on shore.

Before our forces left Shanghai, the same mandarin who had before frequently presented himself at head-quarters[68] again made his appearance as the bearer of a communication 通讯 from the high authorities 权威 to Sir Henry Pottinger. But, as no document 文件 was shewn by which any individual could prove his having received full authority 权威 from the Emperor to treat for peace, no attention whatever was paid to these very equivocal overtures. At the same time, however, Sir Henry Pottinger published 发布 a very important and interesting proclamation, addressed to the Chinese people, and adopting something of the tone 音 of Oriental language. It was, of course, published 发布 in Chinese. The opening sentences 句子 form a sort of quaint 精巧 imitation 模仿 of the celestial 天上 style 样式, with the object, probably, of fixing the attention of the Chinese at the outset 开始. For instance 例: "Under the canopy 华盖 of heaven 天, and within the circumference of the earth, many are the different countries: of the multitude 苠 of these, not one is there that is not ruled by the Supreme Heavenly 神圣的 Father, nor are there any that are not brethren of one family. Being then of one family, very plain is it that they should hold friendly and brotherly inter‧course 交往 together, and not boast 自夸 themselves one above the other." After this exordium, it proceeds 继续 to lay open the grievances 不平 of the English, the extortions and double dealings of the local authorities 权威 at Canton, gradually increasing 增加 year after year; and then recapitulates the proceedings 继续 adopted by the English, their visit to the Peiho, the conferences 会议 and stipulations agreed to by Keshen, and rejected 拒绝 by the Imperial Cabinet, the treacherous 奸诈 attack of the Chinese, and other matters already fully 充分 explained. It then refers to the cruelties 残酷 practised upon our countrymen when taken prisoners, either by being kidnapped 绑架, or in cases where they were shipwrecked. It further reminds the people that in ancient times foreigners 外国人 were permitted to trade at various ports 港口 in China, to the manifest 表现 advantage of all parties, and that it was only by false 虚伪的 statements 声明 and local intrigue 诡计 that the Emperor was at length induced 促使 to con‧fine 局限 the foreign trade solely 独自 to Canton, and to establish 建立 the monopoly 垄断 of the thirteen 十三 Hongs. Finally, it is declared that hostilities 敌意 will continue to be carried on, until some high officer shall be appointed by the Emperor, with full powers to negotiate 谈判 and conclude 得出结论 arrangements 安排, of which the three following points were to be the basis:—Compensation 赔偿金 for losses and expenses; a friendly and becoming inter‧course 交往, on terms of equality 平等, between officers of the two countries; and the cession of insular territory 疆土，领域 for commerce, and for the residence 住宅 of merchants, and as a security 安全 and guarantee 保证 against future renewal 复兴 of offensive 进攻 acts.

This proclamation was issued the day before the fleet 舰队 set sail from Woosung for Nankin. It is a curious coincidence 巧合 that, a few days before this, an edict, or proclamation, was issued by the Emperor, in which he also recapitulated the leading events of the war, and tried to make it appear that the whole difficulties had arisen arise solely 独自 from the crusade 运动 which his Majesty had directed to be carried on against the "Opium poison 毒药." He blames 指责 Commissioner Lin for his bad management 管理; and with regard to the six million dollars ransom 赎金 for Canton, his celestial 天上 Majesty declares that it was a very small matter, and that he did not grudge 怨恨 it at all. But when the rebellious 悖 foreigners 外国人 left Canton, and then advanced to recapture 夺回 Chusan, and to take Ningpo and other cities, then says his Majesty, with unaffected 未受影响 bitterness 苦味 of spirit, "I severely blame 指责 myself 我, and hate myself 我 for being unequal 不等 to my duties; I cannot rescue 营救 my subjects; and repose by day or night is difficult for me." At the same time, he is slow to believe that the strength of the barbarian ships is really so great as represented, and strongly hints 暗示 that his people are cowards; and while, on the one hand, he promises rewards to the valiant, he orders that those who run away shall be instantly executed 执行 without mercy. Carefully 小心 losing sight of every other grievance 不平 or source 资源 of difficulties, his Majesty reiterates 重申 his prohibition 禁令 against opium 鸦片, and urges the most strenuous 费劲 exertions to sweep the worth‧less 无用 barbarians clean away into the depths of the wide ocean 洋.

In fact, it now became very manifest 表现 that the Emperor was seriously alarmed; and, although his spirit breathed 呼吸 a bitter hostility 敌意, it could not be doubted that his Majesty ardently 热心 longed for peace.

Sir Henry's proclamation soon after‧ward 之后 called forth a reply from Niew-kien, the Viceroy of the two Kiang provinces 省, to which the seat of war was now removed 去掉. It was one of those curious little essays 短文 in which the Chinese delight, made up of a few common-place truisms dressed in the peculiar phraseology of the East. He cunningly 狡猾 recommends the plenipotentiary to draw up a full statement 声明 of all grievances 不平, to be transmitted 发送 through him (the Viceroy) to the Emperor, which would of course bear upon its very face the appearance of asking for favours, instead of dictating 听写 terms. He farther reminds his Excellency, that although the Chinese have suffered much, still the English must have lost many brave 勇敢的 men also, and by coming from so great a distance must have like‧wise 同样 incurred 招致 great expense; that it would be much better for both parties to put an end to the war at once, and vows 发誓 the most perfect sincerity 诚意 before all the gods. At the same time, he confesses 供认 his great alarm at seeing all the people fly from their habitations, and the country given up to the plundering 掠夺 of the native robbers 强盗. Indeed, Miew-Kien, in another report addressed to the Emperor, expressed the greatest possible apprehension 顾虑 lest 免得 the people should be frightened away, either by severe measures on his own part, or by the approach of the enemy, and thus the whole country be given up to the excesses of the law‧less 法‧少 native plunderers, who would take the opportunity to rob 抢劫, and commit 承诺 all kinds of mischief 恶作剧.

The Chinese appear to have rested all their hopes for the defence of the Yangtze river, and the approach to Nankin, entirely upon the strength of their works at Woosung, and had consequently 所以 made little or no preparations 制备 for resistance higher up. It had, indeed, been recommended by one of the Tartar generals that a portion of the river below Nankin should be staked 赌注 across, and junks 破烂 laden 载货 with stones sunk 淹没:sink to impede 阻碍 the navigation 导航, and like‧wise 同样 that fire-vessels should be prepared. But this advice 劝告 was overruled by Niew-Kien, the Viceroy, upon the ground of its inutility; and it was urged that the extreme rapidity of the current, and the sunken rocks and sands in parts most difficult of navigation 导航, would be the best defences, and that any attempts to stake 赌注 the river would not only be expensive 昂贵的 and use‧less 无用, but would greatly alarm the people. Fire-rafts 筏 were only ordered to be got ready, when there was no time whatever even to commence 开始 them, the enemy being already close to the city of Chin-keang-foo.

From documents 文件 which subsequently fell into our possessions it was also ascertained 探明 that the apprehension 顾虑 of our advance upon Pekin by way of the river Peiho was so great, that a body of troops 部队, already ordered to march to Soo-chow-foo, were recalled 召回, and directed to proceed 继续 immediately to Tientsin, in order to defend the approaches to the metropolis.

During the latter part of June, the weather was very squally and unsettled 搞糟, and therefore not very well adapted for the advance of a fleet 舰队 of more than seventy 七十 sail, up a river, the navigation 导航 of which was almost entirely unknown 未知. The channels 渠道 were now buoyed off, and beacon-vessels were also placed at one or two of the most important parts; and Commanders Kellett and Collinson, accompanied 陪 by the masters of the ships of war were sent in advance on the 29th, to sound and to make preparations 制备 for the passage of the fleet 舰队, and particularly for the purpose of surveying 调查 the river above the point where Captain Bethune's researches terminated 终止.

The distance of Nankin from Woosung is about one hundred 百 and seventy 七十 miles, and a very accurate 准确的；精确的；正确的 survey 调查 was ultimately 最终 completed of this beautiful 美丽 river, as far as that ancient capital. Even there the river is very broad and the channel 渠道 deep, so that the Cornwallis was able to lie within one thou‧sand 千 yards of the walls of the city. It is, perhaps, to be regretted 后悔 that the river was not examined for some distance above the city, for it could not be doubted that, with the assistance 帮助 of steamers 汽船, even large ships would be able to ascend 登 several hundred 百 miles further. But the conclusion 结论 of the peace followed so soon after the arrival 到达 of our forces before the ancient capital, that there was no opportunity of continuing our discoveries 发现 further into the interior 室内, without compromising 妥协 our character for sincerity 诚意, while the negotiations 谈判 were in progress. It could not have failed, however, had circumstances 环境 permitted, of furnishing much interesting information respecting the interior 室内 of this extra‧ordinary 非凡的 country.

There are few rivers in the world to be compared with the Yangtze, in point of extent, and the richness 丰富 of the provinces 省 through which it flows. Supposed to take its rise at a distance of more than three thou‧sand 千 miles from the sea, among the furthest mountains of Thibet, it traverses 横过 the whole empire 3 of China from west to east, turning a little to the north‧ward 北方, and is believed to be navigable through the whole of these valuable provinces 省.[69]

The navigation 导航 of this river was found less difficult than might have been expected. There are, indeed, numerous sand-banks, some of which change their places, owing to the rapidity of the current; and at the upper part of the river, towards Chin-keang-foo, there is some danger from rocks; but the greatest obstacle 障碍 to the navigation 导航 is the rapidity of the current, which, even when beyond the influence of the tide, runs down at the rate of three and a half to four miles an hour. It is not surprising that almost every ship of the squadron 队 should have touched the ground; but, as the bottom was generally soft mud 泥, no serious damage was sustained. The steamers 汽船 were of course indispensable 不可缺少, and the assistance 帮助 of two or three of them together was, in some instances 例, requisite 必要 to haul 运输 the ships off.

One of the largest transports 运输, the Marion, having the head-quarters and staff on board, was thrown upon the rocks by the force of the current, on the way down from Nankin, and would certainly have been lost, but for the aid 援助 rendered 给予 by two steamers 汽船, the Nemesis and the Memnon, and the valuable experience already gained by the former in the Chinese rivers.

Sir William Parker's arrangements 安排 for the merchant transports 运输 were perfect; their orders were definite 定, and were generally obeyed 服从 with alacrity; boats were always in readiness 准备就绪, and signals carefully 小心 watched. Probably, if it were required to point out any one circumstance 环境 which redounded more than another to the honour of the British service, it would be that of having carried a fleet 舰队 of nearly eighty 八十 sail up to the walls of the city of Nankin and brought it safely back again.

At the beginning of July, the weather became very favourable for the ascent 上升 of the river, and the Phlegethon, having returned with the intelligence 情报 that a clear and deep channel 渠道 had been found as far as Golden 金色的 Island, close to the entrance of the Grand Canal, and that buoys had been laid down to facilitate 促进 the navigation 导航, orders were given that the fleet 舰队 should be in readiness 准备就绪 to get under weigh on the morning of the 6th. It was formed into five divisions, each consisting 组成 of from eight 八 to twelve 十二 transports 运输, conducted 进行 by a ship-of-war, and under the orders of her captain; and to each division also a steamer was attached 连接, to render 给予 assistance 帮助 when required.

In addition 加成 to the steamers 汽船 so employed, the Phlegethon, Medusa, and Pluto were in attendance 勤, principally 原则上 upon the advanced squadron 队, and in readiness 准备就绪 to assist 帮助；协助；援助 any other ship which stood in need of it. The Nemesis and Proserpine also accompanied 陪 the fleet 舰队. Thus there were not less than ten 十 steamers 汽船 attached 连接 to the squadron 队 when it set sail from Woosung, and they were after‧ward 之后 joined up the river (but not until hostilities 敌意 had ceased 停止) by two other powerful 强大 steamers 汽船, the Driver and the Memnon.

A list of all her majesty 威严's ships of war and steam vessels, together with those belonging to the East India Company, which were present in the Chinese waters at the conclusion 结论 of the peace, will be given in its proper place. The following was the order of sailing 航行；帆 of the squadron 队 on leaving Woosung, each division being about two or three miles in advance of the next one. The North Star, Captain Sir E. Home, Bart., was left at Woosung to blockade 封锁 that river, with orders to detain 扣留 all merchant junks 破烂 which might attempt to pass up the Yangtze, or into the Woosung, laden 载货 with provisions 规定.

It was a curious sight after‧ward 之后 to look at the numerous fleet 舰队 of junks 破烂, some of them of large size, which were collected at that anchor‧age 锚‧年龄, and for some time it was no easy matter for the North Star to prevent them from attempting to make their escape; but when a round shot or two had been sent through some of the most refractory, and a few of the captains had been brought on board the North Star and strictly warned, they all became "very submissively obedient 顺从的," and patiently awaited 等待 the per‧mission 允许 to depart 离开, which was not accorded to them until the peace had been pro‧claim 宣布.

The advanced squadron 队 consisted 组成 of the—

The Chinese had prepared no means of resisting 抵抗 the advance of our squadron 队 up the river; and even the few guns which had previously 先前 been mounted on two small forts 堡 on the right bank of the river, adjoining 毗 the towns of Foushan and Keang-yin, were withdrawn on the approach of our forces, in order to avert 避免 the injury 伤 which might have been done to those towns had any show of resistance been offered.

The country along the lower part of the Yangtze is altogether alluvial, and intersected 相交 by innumerable 无数 canals and water-courses. In most parts it is highly cultivated, but in others less so than we were led to expect. On one occasion, I walked for the distance of five or six miles into the interior 室内, attended by crowds of the peasantry, who appeared to be a strong, hardy 耐寒, well-disposed 部署 race, and offered no kind of violence 暴力 or insult 侮辱. They appeared to be solely 独自 influenced by curiosity 好奇心, and a few of them brought us poultry 家禽 for sale, but the greater part seemed afraid to have any dealings with us. The small cotton 3 plant was cultivated very extensively 广阔的, and at nearly every cottage 小屋-door an old woman was seated, either picking the cotton or spinning it into yarn 纱. The hop 跳 plant was growing abundantly 丰富 in a wild state, and was apparently not turned to any use.

The small town of Foushan, at the base of a partially 部分 fortified 强化 hill, and a conical mountain with a pagoda upon its summit 首脑, situated 位于 upon the opposite side of the river, form the first striking objects which meet the eye, and relieve 解除 the general monotony of the lower part of the river. Above this point, the scenery 风景 becomes more interesting, and gradually assumes 承担 rather a mountainous 多山 character.

Compared with the neighbourhood of Ningpo, or Chapoo, you are inclined 倾斜 to be disappointed in the aspect 方面 of the country generally; you find it less carefully 小心 and economically 经济 cultivated, and perhaps one of your first hasty 匆 impressions 印象 would be to doubt whether the population of China can be so dense 稠密 as the best-received accounts lead us to suppose. When you consider the immense extent of country through which this magnificent 华丽的 river flows, and the alluvial nature of the great belt 腰带 of land which runs along the sea-coast, you are prepared to expect that here, if any‧where 任何地方, a great mass of people would be congregated, and that town would succeed town, and village follow village, along the whole course of this great artery 动脉.

About twenty 二十-five miles above Foushan, stands the rather consider‧able 大量 town of Keang-yin, situated 位于 in a very picturesque 如画 valley, about a mile distant from the river side; but there is a small village close to the landing-place. The river suddenly becomes narrow at this spot, but soon again spreads out to nearly its former breadth 宽度. The town of Keang-yin is distinguished by a remarkable pagoda, to which, with great difficulty, we persuaded a venerable 可敬-looking priest 神父 to conduct 进行 us. He hesitated 犹豫 a long time before he could be induced 促使 to lead us into the town, which was surrounded by a very high, thick, parapeted wall, banked up with earth on the inside. No soldiers were to be seen, and many of the inhabitants 居民 began very hastily 草草 to shut 关闭 up their shops the moment they saw us enter the streets.

The pagoda appeared to be the only striking object in the place, and from the peculiarity of its construction 施工 was well worth seeing. It was built of red brick 砖, in the usual octagonal form, gradually inclining 倾斜 upwards 向上, but was so constructed 构造 in the inside, that each story slightly overhung the one below it, although the outside appeared quite regular. The building was partly in ruins, but looked as if it had never been perfectly finished. Not far from it was a well of clear, delicious 美味的 water, some of which was brought to us in basins 盆, with marks of good-nature, as if the people intended to surprise us with a treat. We after‧ward 之后 learned that good water is rarely 很少；不常见；难得 found in the neighbourhood of the river, and that the inhabitants 居民 are in the habit 习惯 of purifying 净化 it by dissolving 溶解 in it a small portion of alum. It was also stated that fish caught in the river are considered unwholesome.

The distance from Keang-yin to Chin-keang-foo is about sixty 六十-six miles by the river, but not much more than half that distance by land, the course of the former being very tortuous. The country gradually increases in interest, becoming more hilly and picturesque 如画 the higher you ascend 登.

At Seshan, which is about fifteen 十五 miles below Chin-keang-foo, some show of opposition was offered by two or three small batteries 电池, mounting twenty 二十 guns, situated 位于 at the foot of a remarkable conical hill. They opened fire at first upon the Pluto and Nemesis steamers 汽船, which were at that time employed on the surveying 调查 service. The day after‧ward 之后 they opened fire also upon the Phlegethon and Modeste, which were sent forward to attack them. The garrison 驻军 were, however, soon driven out, and could be seen throwing off their outer wadded jackets, to enable 启用 them to escape with greater nimbleness. The guns, magazines 杂志, and bar‧rack 营房, were destroyed.

A little way below Chin-keang-foo, the channel 渠道 is much narrowed by the island of Seung-shan, and the current is consequently 所以 extremely rapid, so that the utmost 极 skill and care, aided 助手 by a strong breeze 微风, are necessary to enable 启用 a vessel to stem the stream and over‧come 战胜 the strength of the eddies and whirlpools. Seung-shan, or Silver 银 Island, is all rocky 岩石, but rendered 给予 picturesque 如画 by the trees which are planted in the hollows. It is devoted 奉献 to religious 宗教 purposes, being ornamented with temples, and it was formerly honoured by the visits of the Emperors, to whom it is said still to belong.

Nearly the same description will also apply to Kinshan, or Golden 金色的 Island, situated 位于 higher up the river, nearly opposite the mouth of the Grand Canal. It is distinguished by a pagoda which crowns 王冠 its summit 首脑, and by its numerous yellow tiled 瓦 temples. The decayed 腐烂 condition of some of the pavilions 亭, and the remnants 剩 of former splendour which once decorated 装饰 their walls, together with the imperial 帝国 chair itself 本身, ornamented with well-carved 雕刻 dragons 龙 all over its back and sides, attest 表明 the importance which this island and the environs of the great southern 南部的 capital possessed in times long past, and the low estate 房地产 into which this interesting part of the country has fallen since Pekin became the metropolis of China, and the Imperial residence 住宅 of its Conquerors.

On the 16th, Sir William Parker and Sir Hugh Gough proceeded 继续 up the river in H.M. steamer Vixen, followed by the little Medusa, to reconnoitre the approaches to Chin-keang-foo. They passed up above the city without any opposition, approaching very near the entrance of the Imperial Canal, which takes its course close under the city walls. No preparations 制备 for resistance were apparent 4—at least, there were no soldiers visible 可以看见的；可视的 upon the city walls, and the inhabitants 居民, who came out in great numbers, were evidently 明显地 attracted 吸引 only by curiosity 好奇心. Hence 因此 the first impression 印象 was, that no resistance would be offered, and the information obtained 获得 through the interpreters 翻译员 tended to encourage the same conclusion 结论.

The walls of the city, which is situated 位于 on the right bank of the river, were, however, in good repair, and the distance from the river was not too great to enable 启用 the ships to bombard 轰击 it if requisite 必要. But the general feeling was, that the attack (if indeed any resistance at all were offered) was to be left entirely to the military 军事 arm of the expedition 远征, the more particularly as the engagement 订婚 at Woosung had been entirely monopolized by the navy 海军, and an opportunity was desired by the army to achieve 实现 for itself 本身 similar 类似 honours. A second reconnoissance, made from the top of the pagoda on Golden Island, brought to view three encampments on the slope 斜坡 of the hills, a little to the south-west of the city, which rather tended to confirm 确认 the impression 印象 that the troops 部队 had moved out of the town.

The advanced squadron 队, under Captain Bourchier, had been sent a little higher up, to blockade 封锁 the entrances 入口 of the Grand Canal, and the other water-communications 通讯 by which the commerce of the interior 室内 is maintained 保持. On the 19th, the Cornwallis was enabled 启用 to take up a position close off the city, near the southern 南部的 entrance of the Grand Canal; and on the 20th, the whole of the fleet 舰队 had assembled 集合 in that neighbourhood.

It has been already stated that little or no resistance was expected in the town itself 本身; but the ships might have easily thrown a few shells into it, to make the enemy shew themselves, or have regularly 经常 bombarded 轰击 the place if necessary. It seems, however, to have been settled that it should be altogether a military 军事 affair; and with the exception of some boats, which were sent up the canal, and a body of seamen who were landed, and did gallant service under Captain Peter Richards and Captain Watson, the naval 海 branch of the expedition 远征 had little to do. From documents 文件 subsequently found within the city, it was ascertained 探明 that there were actually about two thou‧sand 千 four hundred 百 fighting men within the walls, of whom one thou‧sand 千 two hundred 百 were resident 居民 Tartar soldiers, and four hundred 百 Tartars sent from a distant province 省. Very few guns were mounted, as the greater part of them had been carried down for the defence of Woosung.

Outside the walls there were three encampments, at some distance from the town, in which there was a force altogether of something less than three thou‧sand 千 men, with several guns, and a quantity of ginjals. As the adult 成人 Tartar population of every city are, in fact, soldiers by birth, it may be supposed that even those who do not belong to the regular service are always ready to take up arms in defence of their hearths 炉; and in this way some of our men suffered, because they did not know, from their external 外面的；外表的；来自外部的 appearance, which were the ordinary inhabitants 居民, and which were the Tartars.

On our side, the whole force engaged 从事 at Chin-keang-foo, though very much larger than any hitherto 迄今 brought into the field in China, did not amount to seven 七 thou‧sand 千 men, including officers, non 非-commissioned 佣金 officers, and rank and file 文件. The exact numbers, according to the field list, amounted to six thou‧sand 千 six hundred 百 and sixty 六十-four men, besides officers. They were divided into four brigades 旅.

ARTILLERY BRIGADE.

Under Lieutenant-Colonel Montgomerie, C.B., Madras Artillery.
Captain Balfour, M.A., Brigade-Major.
Captain Greenwood, R.A., Commanding Royal Artillery.

Officers.   Men.

European     26       ditto 318

Native 6       ditto 252

——   ——

32   570

——   ——

FIRST BRIGADE

Major-General Lord Saltoun, C.B.
Captain Cunynghame, 3rd Buffs, A.D.C.
J. Hope Grant 发放, 9th Lancers, Brigade-Major.
26th Cameronians, Lieutenant-Colonel Pratt.
98th regiment 团, Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell.
Bengal Volunteers, Lieutenant-Colonel Lloyd.
41st M.N.I. Flank Companies, Major Campbell.

Total, 83 officers.—2235 other ranks 排列.

SECOND BRIGADE.

Major-General Schoedde, 55th.
Captain C. B. Daubeney, 55th, Brigade-Major.
55th regiment 团, Major Warren.
6th M.N.I. Lieutenant-Colonel Drever.
2nd M.N.I., Lieutenant-Colonel Luard.
Rifles of 36th M.N.I., Captain Simpson.

Total, 60 officers—1772 other ranks.

THIRD BRIGADE.

Major-General Bartley, 49th.
Captain W. P. K. Browne, 49th Brigade-Major.
18th Royal Irish, Major Cowper.
49th regiment 团, Lieutenant-Colonel Stevens.
14th M.N.I., Major Young.

Total, 68 officers—2087 other ranks.

GENERAL STAFF.

Aides-de-Camp to the General Commanding-in-Chief:
Captain Whittingham, 26th regiment 团.
Lieutenant Gabbett, Madras Artillery.
Adjutant-General, Lieutenant-Colonel Mountain, 26th.
Assistant 助理 ditto, Captain R. Shirreff, 2nd M.N.I.
Deputy Assistant 助理 ditto, Lieutenant Heatly, 49th.
Deputy Quartermaster-General, Major Gough.
Field Engineer, Captain Pears, M.E.
Commissary of Ordnance, Lieutenant Barrow.

On the evening of the 20th, all the arrangements 安排 were completed for the attack upon the city and upon the encampments beyond it, to take place on the following morning at daylight. It has been already stated, that it was not proposed that the ships should bombard 轰击 the town; and the only vessel which fired into it was the Auckland steamer, which covered the landing, and threw a few shot and shells into the city. But a body of seamen and marines 海洋 of the squadron 队 (as will presently be described) took an active share in the work of the day, under Captain Peter Richards and other officers; and Sir William Parker himself accompanied 陪 the general, and forced his way with him through the city gate.

The plan adopted by Sir Hugh Gough was to endeavour to cut off the large body of Chinese troops 部队 encamped upon the slope 斜坡 of the hills; for which purpose the first and third brigades 旅, together with part of the artillery 炮兵, were to be landed in the western suburbs 市郊 of the city, opposite Golden Island, near where a branch of the Grand Canal runs close under the city walls; Lord Saltoun, with the first brigade 旅, was to attack the encampments; while Sir Hugh Gough, in person, with the third brigade 旅 and the rest of the artillery 炮兵, proposed to operate against the west gate, and the western face of the walls.

The second brigade 旅, under Major-General Schoedde, was to land under a bluff 虚张声势 point some‧what 有些 to the north‧ward 北方 of the city, where there were two small hills which commanded the walls on that side. The object was to create a diversion 导流, and draw the attention of the enemy towards that side, while the real attack was to be made upon the western gate, which was to be blown blow in by powder-bags 袋. General Schoedde was directed to use his own discretion 慎重, as to turning his diversion 导流 into a real attack, should he think proper to do so.

There was found to be more difficulty in landing the troops 部队 than had been expected, many of the transports 运输 lying at a consider‧able 大量 distance, and the great strength of the current rendering 给予 the operation trouble‧some 麻烦 and protracted 拖长. The first brigade 旅, under Lord Saltoun, succeeded in driving the enemy completely over the hills, after receiving a distant and ineffectual fire as they advanced; but they met with a more determined resistance from a column 柱 of the enemy, who were in great danger of being cut off. Several casualties 受害者 occurred 发生 on our side, in this encounter 遭遇. Upon the walls of the town itself 本身, few soldiers shewed themselves, and the resistance which was soon experienced was not at all expected.

General Schoedde, with a portion of the second brigade 旅, took possession of a joss-house, or temple, upon the hill over‧look 俯瞰 the northern and eastern face of the walls, near the river, and there awaited 等待 the landing of the rest of his brigade 旅, being received by a spirited fire of guns, ginjals, and matchlocks, which was opened from the city walls; this was returned by a fire of rockets 火箭.

As soon as a sufficient 足够 force had been collected, the rifles 步枪, under Captain Simpson, descended from a small wooded hill which they occupied 占据, and crept up close under the walls, keeping up a well sustained fire upon the Tartars. Major-General Schoedde now gave orders for escalading the wall, although, from its not having been part of the regular plan of attack, only three scaling ladders 梯子 were provided. The grenadier company of the 55th, with two companies of the 6th Madras Native Infantry, advanced to the escalade, under the command of Brevet-Major Maclean, of the 55th. The first man who mounted the walls was Lieutenant Cuddy, of the 55th, who remained sitting upon the wall, assisting 帮助；协助；援助 the others to get up, with astonishing coolness. He was shortly after‧ward 之后 wounded in the foot by a match‧lock 比赛；火柴‧锁 ball.

The 55th and the 6th Madras Native Infantry vied 争夺 with each other in gallantly mounting the ladders, together with the rifles 步枪; but the Tartars fought fight desperately 拼命. As they retreated 撤退 along the wall, they made a stand at every defensible point, sheltering themselves behind the large guard stations and watch-boxes, which are found at intervals 间隔 upon most of the Chinese walls.

Many anecdotes 轶事 are told by those who were present, of the desperate 殊死 determination 决心 with which the Tartars fought. Many of them rushed upon the bayonets. In some instances 例, they got within the soldiers' guard, and seizing 抓住 them by the body, dragged their enemies with themselves over the walls; and in one or two instances 例 succeeded in throwing them over, before they were themselves bayoneted. The Tartars were fine muscular 肌肉发达 men, and looked the more so from the loose dresses which they wore wear. They did not shrink from sword 5 combats 战斗, or personal 个人 encounters 遭遇 of any kind; and had they been armed with weapons similar 类似 to those of our own troops 部队, even without much discipline 训练, upon the top of walls where the front is narrow, and the flanks 侧翼 cannot be turned, they would have probably maintained 保持 their ground for a much longer time, and perhaps even, until they were attacked by another body in the rear 后. Major Warren and Captain Simpson were wounded, as well as Lieutenant Cuddy.

As soon as the wall was scaled, one body of our troops 部队 proceeded 继续 to clear the walls to the right, and the other to the left; and the latter, as they scoured 冲刷 the walls, after‧ward 之后 fell in with the third brigade 旅, with the General and the Admiral at their head, who had just forced their way in at the gate‧way 网关. While these important successes had been gained by General Schoedde with the second brigade 旅, two other operations had been conducted 进行 at the western gate, one by the third brigade 旅, and the other by a small body of marines 海洋 and seamen, under Captain Peter Richards. These are now to be detailed.

Sir Hugh Gough, as soon as he had been joined by the 18th and the greater part of the 49th, with the 26th, which had not accompanied 陪 Lord Saltoun's brigade 旅, gave orders to blow in the west gate with powder-bags. The canal which runs along the walls on that side was found not to be fordable; and this was ascertained 探明 by four officers who volunteered 志愿者 to swim across it to ascertain 探明 the fact. Sir Hugh Gough was at this time with the third brigade 旅, under Major-General Bartley, at about midway 中途 between the south and west gates, but determined to storm 暴风雨 the latter, because the suburbs 市郊 afforded shelter for the men to approach it, with little exposure 经受. A few Tartar soldiers only appeared upon the walls at this point, as the main body had probably been marched off to rein‧force 加强 those who were opposed to our troops 部队, after the escalade of the walls on the northern side.

Two guns, under Lieutenant Molesworth, were placed so as to command the approach to the gate, and to cover the advance of a party of sappers and miners 矿工, under Captain Pears, who were to fix the powder-bags against the gate. This operation was perfectly successful 成功; and the General, putting himself at the head of the 18th, who had just come up, rushed in over the rubbish 垃圾, the grenadiers forming the advance, and entered a long arch‧way 弓形‧路；方法, which led into what might be called an out‧work 出‧工作, from which there was a second gate, conducting 进行 into the town itself 本身.

It appears that in Chinese fortifications, as before described, there are always two gate‧way 网关; the outer one placed at right angles to the main wall of the town, so as to be flanked 侧翼 by it, and leading into a large court, surrounded by walls similar 类似 to the walls of the town, and in which there are commonly cells 细胞 for prisoners, & 功放;c. The second gate and arch‧way 弓形‧路；方法 leads from it directly into the body of the place, and is surmounted by a guard-house upon the top of the gate‧way 网关, to which you ascend 登 by a flight 飞行 of stone steps on either side.

All resistance at the gate‧way 网关 had been already overcome, the Chinese guard at the inner 里面的 gate having given way before the advanced party of the 55th regiment 团; and the open court, or space between the two gate‧way 网关, having been just occupied 占据 by a party of marines 海洋 and seamen, under Captain Peter Richards and Captain Watson, who had escaladed the outer wall very near the gate‧way 网关.

As no detailed account of this interesting part of the day's work has yet appeared, and as some misapprehension has prevailed 战胜 with regard to the affair of the boats of the Blonde in the canal, I have taken pains to ascertain 探明 the particulars from two officers who were present, and who were both wounded on the occasion. The following condensed 凝结 statement 声明 of what took place may therefore be relied 依靠 on for its accuracy 准确性.

The boats of the Blonde, which vessel was at anchor 锚 off one of the principal 主要 southern 南部的 branches of the Grand Canal running under the city walls, having been employed in landing the Artillery Brigade during the early part of the morning, were ordered, about ten 十 o'clock, to re-embark 从事 part of the Artillery and Gun-Lascars, with two howitzers, for the purpose of assisting in the attack of the west gate, and to create a diversion 导流 in favour of the troops 部队. At all events, whatever the object of the movement 运动 might have been, it is certain that the guns were put on board the boats of the Blonde, and that there were altogether about one hundred 百 men embarked 从事. The boats consisted 组成 of the launch 发射, barge 驳船, pinnace, cutter, and flat of that ship, together with two boats belonging to transports 运输. They proceeded 继续 up the canal, which took a winding direction through the suburbs 市郊, for some distance, until they came suddenly in sight of the west gate of the city, which until then had been obscured 朦胧 by the houses. The whole of these boats were under the command of Lieutenant Crouch, of the Blonde, having Messrs. Lambert, Jenkins, and Lyons, midshipmen, under his orders.

On coming in sight of the gate, the barge 驳船, cutter, and flat were a little in advance of the other boats, and proceeding 继续 in single line towards a spot pointed out by Major Blundell, of the Madras Artillery, as well adapted for the landing of the guns. Suddenly a heavy fire of ginjals and matchlocks was opened on them from the whole line of the city wall, running parallel 位置 with the canal; and, as the height of it was little less than forty 四十 feet, the small gun of the barge 驳船 could not be elevated 提升 sufficiently 充分地 to do any service, and the fire of musketry which was returned was inefficient 低效.

The Chinese opened their fire with deadly effect upon the advancing boats, and, in the course of about ten 十 minutes, six‧teen 十六 seamen and eight 八 artillerymen were wounded; Lieutenant Crouch himself was hit in three places, and one midshipman (Mr. Lyons) and two officers of the Artillery were also wounded. Under these circumstances 环境, the men were got out of the boats as quickly as possible, and placed under cover of the houses in the suburbs 市郊, on the opposite side of the canal. At this time these three boats were consider‧able 相当 in advance of the rest, and, as soon as the men were all landed, the boats were abandoned 放弃 and the guns left behind. The launch 发射 and pinnace, who were behind them, as soon as they saw the disaster 灾难，大祸, and that to advance further would only expose 暴露 themselves to a destructive 破坏性的 fire, without the possibility 可能性 of returning it with effect, stopped under cover of some buildings, which sheltered them from the city walls.

The officers and men who belonged to the advanced boats, having many of their comrades 同志 wounded, were now in a trying predicament 困境. The only alter‧native 替代 left was to endeavour to join the other boats which had remained under cover; to do which they had to pass across an open space by the side of the canal, exposed 暴露 to the whole fire of the enemy from the walls on the opposite side. This was, however, effected without farther loss, although a heavy fire was opened on them, (but of course at a greater distance than when in the boats.) Some of the wounded were necessarily left behind, and were kindly treated by the Chinese people in the suburbs 市郊, who shewed no hostility 敌意.

As it was evident 明显 that nothing further could be attempted at present, they all returned down the canal in the launch 发射 and pinnace, and reported the circumstances 环境 to Captain Richards, of the Cornwallis, to which ship the rest of the wounded were immediately removed 去掉.

On receiving the information of what had happened, Captain Peter Richards lost not a moment in landing with two hundred 百 marines 海洋, at the entrance of the canal, where he was joined by about three hundred 百 men of the 6th M.N.I., under Captain Maclean, of that corps 兵团, and then pushed through the suburbs 市郊 towards the city walls; at the same time the whole of the boats of the Cornwallis, under the command of Lieutenant Stoddart, advanced by the canal, in company with the remaining boats of the Blonde, to bring off the boats and guns which had been left behind. They were also to endeavour to check the fire of the Chinese at the west gate, when Captain Richards advanced through the suburbs 市郊 to escalade the wall.

As soon as Captain Richards had landed, he was joined by Captain Watson and Mr. Forster, (master,) of the Modeste, with a boat's crew 3 and a small body of marines 海洋 belonging to that vessel. On reaching the foot of the walls, a heap 堆 of rubbish 垃圾 was luckily 幸 found to have been left by accident not far from the gate. Upon this the ladders were planted by Captain Peter Richards and Captain Watson, under cover of the fire of the Marines, in face of a large body of Tartars, who lined the walls, and appeared determined to defend their post to the last. These two officers, together with Lieutenant Baker, of the Madras Artillery, and a private marine 海洋 of the Modeste, were the first to ascend 登 the ladders. As they got upon the wall (with much difficulty) they were directly exposed 暴露 to the cross fire from the guard-houses over the outer and inner 里面的 gate‧way 网关, by which the marine 海洋 was killed, and Captain Watson and Lieutenant Baker were wounded; the former having one of the buttons 按钮 of his jacket 衣服 driven into his side, and three balls passing through his jacket. The marine 海洋 was killed by several shots passing through his body, and another marine 海洋, (also belonging to the Modeste,) who followed after‧ward 之后, was severely wounded.

With great difficulty and exertion about a dozen men got upon the wall; and Lieutenant Fitzjames, having succeeded in bringing up some rockets 火箭, lodged 存放 one of them in a guard-house over the gate‧way 网关, which immediately caught fire, and threw the enemy into such consternation that they then gave way. Captain Richards, (who had, as if by a miracle 奇迹, escaped being wounded,) was now able to dash 短跑 down, at the head of his men, into the open space between the two gate‧way 网关; and, just after‧ward 之后, the outer gate was blown in, as before described, by powder-bags. The advanced guard of the 55th had in the mean‧while 同时 come round along the walls from their north-eastern angle, where General Schoedde's brigade 旅 had escaladed it, and had now reached the inner 里面的 gate‧way 网关.

The third brigade 旅, under Major-General Bartley, accompanied 陪 by Sir Hugh Gough, and also by Sir William Parker, dashed 短跑 in over the ruins of the gate, and, to their great disappointment 失望, found that the walls had been already carried; but, within the city itself 本身, the resistance of the Tartars was by no means overcome. Part of the 18th and 49th regiments 团, under Major-General Bartley, were now ordered to march along the western face of the walls, and they threw out a line of skirmishers as they advanced along some ditches 沟渠 and old houses below the wall. As the brigade 旅 filed 文件 along the walls left in front, they suddenly received a heavy fire from a body of Tartars, by which two officers were killed and two wounded, and several men struck down. The leading division of the 49th immediately dashed 短跑 down the ramparts upon the enemy's left, while the 18th pushed forward to turn their right. They were soon dispersed 分散, although many of them fought with great determination 决心. One company of the 18th pursued 追求 them into the Tartar city. In this spirited affair the 18th had one officer killed and one wounded, with about twenty 二十 men killed and wounded. The loss of the 49th was one officer killed, one wounded, and about twenty 二十-four rank and file 文件 killed and wounded.

In the meantime, the Admiral, having put himself at the head of the seamen and marines 海洋, marched some way along the walls, where they had been already cleared by the 55th, and, as the heat of the sun at this time (past noon 正午) was almost insupportable, he had directed the men to take shelter for a little while, in one of the watch-houses upon the ramparts. The heat was quite over‧power 压倒, and the men being already much fatigued 疲劳, several of them died from sun-stroke 一击;轻抚. Here it was that the gallant Major Uniacke, R.M., fell, from the effects of the sun, and in the list of casualties 受害者 of the day no less than six‧teen 十六 men are included, who died from the same cause.

Having rested something less than an hour in the guard-house, a heavy firing was heard within the Tartar city, and the men were instantly formed, and advanced in the direction of the firing, under Captain Richards and Captain Watson. On passing through a narrow street in the Tartar part of the city, a sudden fire was poured upon them by a body of Tartars drawn up across the street, behind a small gate‧way 网关, where they seemed prepared to make a most determined stand. Several men were wounded, and it was necessary to advance with caution 小心, taking advantage of shelter when it could be found. Here Lieutenant Fitzjames was wounded while endeavouring to get a rocket 火箭 off.

Captain Watson was now sent round by a side-lane 车道, to endeavour to turn the flank 侧翼 of the Tartars, but there also the latter were prepared for them, behind a temporary 临时 barricade 壅. However, a cheer 欢呼, and a sudden rush from both divisions at once, upon the front and flank 侧翼 of the Tartars, carried the point, and the enemy were driven back with heavy loss, after she‧wing 她‧翅膀 individual instances 例 of the most desperate 殊死 valour, in several hand-to-hand encounters 遭遇. When the brave 勇敢的 Tartars at length saw that their utmost 极 efforts were of no avail 果, then began the scenes of horror 恐怖, and the tragedy 悲剧 of self-immolation, which makes one's very blood run cold to hear of. The Admiral himself was a witness of what took place. Some of the Tartars kept the doors of their houses with their very lives, while others could be seen within, deliberately 故意 cutting the throats of their women, and destroying their children, some by strangulation, and others by throwing them into the wells. In one house in particular, a Tartar was found in the act of sawing his wife's throat with a rusty 生疏 sword, as he held her over the mouth of the well into which his children had been already thrown. He was shot before the deed 行为 was completed, in order to save the woman, who was immediately taken care of, and had the wound 创伤, which was not severe, tied up. Yet the first use she made of her tongue 舌头, as soon as she could speak, was to utter 说出 the most violent 猛烈 imprecations upon the heads of the victors 胜利者. The children who were in the well (in which there was little water) were all got up, and recovered 恢复.

In other houses, numbers of poor creatures 动物；生物 were found dead, some by their own hands or the hands of each other, and the rest by the hands of their husbands. In one house no less than four‧teen 十四 dead bodies were discovered, principally 原则上 women; in others the men began to cut their own throats the moment they saw any of our soldiers approaching; while in other instances 例 they rushed out furiously 疯狂 from some hiding-place, and attacked with the sword any one who came in their way.

Several of our officers had to defend their own lives with the sword, long after all systematic 系统的 opposition had ceased 停止. An officer of the 14th M.N.I. had a sword combat 战斗 with three Tartars who rushed out upon him sword in hand, and by retreating 撤退 so as to endeavour to take them singly, he was able to cut down two of them just at the moment when a fatal 致命 blow was about to be aimed at him by the third, who was fortunately shot at the very critical 危急 moment, by a soldier who was coming up to his officer's assistance 帮助.

It is impossible to calculate 计算 the number of victims 受害者 to the barbarous practice of self-immolation and whole‧sale 批发 murder. Chin-keang-foo was a Tartar strong‧hold 据点 considered by them as impregnable; they could not brook 溪 defeat, or the desecration of their hearths 炉, by the tread 踏 of the unknown 未知 but thoroughly-hated barbarian; every house had its victims 受害者; and to add to the horrors 恐怖 of the day, and the desolation of the city, the Chinese plunderers flocked 群 in from the country in multitudes 苠, pillaging in all directions. They even set fire to the streets in some parts, to enable 启用 them to carry on their work with less interruption 中断 in others.

On our side, although the place had been taken by storm, and not without heavy loss, the strictest 严格的 orders were given to prevent the pill‧age 丸‧年龄 of the town as much as possible. Measures were taken, not only to control our own men, (who, according to European custom 习惯, might have expected to be allowed to pill‧age 丸‧年龄 a town taken by assault 突击,) but also to arrest 逮捕 the violent 猛烈 proceedings 继续 of the Chinese rabble, who, in this as in other instances 例, were the worst enemies of their own countrymen.

The authorities 权威 and nearly all the respect‧able 可敬 inhabitants 居民 had fled; and the Tartar general (who had complained 抱怨 bitterly to the Emperor of insufficient 不足 means for defence) had set fire to his own house, and buried himself and part of his family in its ashes.

Notwithstanding all the attempts to prevent the destruction of property, it was impossible altogether to arrest 逮捕 it in so large a city. Plunder was sometimes taken from the Chinese thieves outside the town, and occasionally articles of value were thrown over the walls, because they were not allowed to be carried through the gates. In this way, plunder 掠夺 was sometimes obtained 获得, and many ingenious 巧妙 devices 设备 were adopted to endeavour to secure 安全 a few valuables 贵重的; but nearly all the mischief 恶作剧 was done by the Chinese themselves.

The public offices were taken possession of by our troops 部队, and all the arms and war‧like 战争‧喜欢；象 stores which were found were destroyed. Only sixty 六十 thou‧sand 千 dollars, worth of Sycee silver 3 was found in the public coffers; but a little addition 加成 was made to the prize fund by the sale of articles which were taken from plunderers, when they were discovered trying to carry property out of the gates. The waste and destruction of property was, however, enormous 巨大. When more valuable objects were discovered, those of smaller value were left in the streets; costly furs lay strewed 肸 in all directions; silks and satins 缎 lay about in such profusion that the only difficulty was to choose among them. So little had the inhabitants 居民 expected that their strong‧hold 据点 would fall, that valuables of all kinds, gems 宝石, and gold 金 ornaments, and curiosities 好奇心 of every description, and in some instances 例 even money, were left in the wardrobes 衣柜 of the best houses, at the mercy of the first comers. Under these circumstances 环境, it is surprising that so little plunder 掠夺 was carried away from a city taken by assault 突击.

Terrible as was the down‧fall 倒台 of Chin-keang-foo in the eyes of the Chinese, and great as was the desolation through‧out 始终 the city in every direction, it cannot be doubted that the loss of this important Tartar strong‧hold 据点, and the panic 恐慌 created by it, (the whole trade of the country being at the same time suspended 暂停,) tended very materially to produce in the mind of the Emperor and of his ministers the conviction 定罪 that a speedy 迅速 peace, on any terms, was prefer‧able 最好 to a continuance of the war.[70]

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CHAPTER XXXVI.

Although the Tartar troops 部队 had proved themselves a formidable 强大 enemy at Chin-keang-foo, and the loss sustained on our side had been much greater than in any previous 以前 encounter 遭遇, a far more dangerous 危险 enemy soon began to show itself 本身. Cholera and low marsh 沼泽 fever 发热 now made their appearance, and carried off a great many men, particularly among the new comers. The 98th regiment 团, recently arrived from England, suffered perhaps more severely than the rest; but, in reality 现实, every ship, whether a man-of-war, or belonging to the transport 运输 service, had numerous sick on board; and some of the transport 运输 ships were at length scarcely manage‧able 管理, owing to the shortness of hands. Nor was the sickness 疾病 limited to one part of the river more than another; for the North Star, and the French frigate, Erigone, which were at anchor 锚 at Woosung, were quite as much afflicted 折磨 by it as the rest of the squadron 队 higher up the river. Nor did it begin to diminish 减少 until cool weather set in, and the fleet 舰队 gradually withdrew out of the river, after the peace. Many a brave 3 man, too, suffered from its effects for months after leaving the country; and the officers were not more exempt 豁免 than the men.

We may next proceed 继续 to inquire 打听 what was being done else‧where 在别处 by the naval 海 branch of the expedition 远征, particularly by the advanced squadron 队 higher up the river, during these operations at Chin-keang-foo. The great object in view was to stop the entire trade through that part of the country, which, having numerous branches of the Grand Canal passing through it, or at all events being intersected 相交 by several canals having communications 通讯 with the great one, may be considered as a centre of commercial inter‧course 交往 with some of the most important provinces 省 of China. The annual 全年 grain-junks 破烂 had already passed up the canal towards Pekin; but the importance of this great commercial high‧way 公路 (if a canal may so be called in a country where the only means of transport 运输 is by water) may be estimated 估计 from the fact, that in the course even of a few days no less than seven 七 hundred 百 trading-junks 破烂 were stopped; by which means no less panic 恐慌 was created through‧out 始终 the country, far and near, than by the successes of our arms.

There are at least three principal 主要 communications 通讯 between the Yangtze-Keang and the southern 南部的 portion of the Grand Canal, of which, perhaps, the largest passes along the western side of the walls of Chin-keang-foo, through the suburbs 市郊 of that city. It runs very near the west and south gates, where it is crossed by stone bridges, which, of course, impede 阻碍 the navigation 导航 for large junks 破烂. In its narrowest part, where it is contracted 合同 by stone buttresses, it is about twenty 二十 feet broad; but, in other parts, it varies 变化 from seventy 七十 to eighty 八十 feet in breadth 宽度, with very high, steep banks, and with a depth of water varying 变化 from nine 九 to fifteen 十五 feet. These observations 意见 were made by Captain Grey, of the Endymion.

The communications 通讯 on the northern side of the Yangtze-Keang are much more numerous, and the main canal becomes much larger and finer. The principal 主要 branch of communication 通讯 opens about a mile above Golden Island; but there are, in fact, so many openings, and such numerous cross-lines running from one branch to the other, that the whole of this part of the country resembles 类似 a net‧work 网 of water-courses. It is in reality 现实, so little above the level of the river, that it is entirely laid out in paddy-swamps 沼泽, which are only separated from the various canals by embankments artificially 人造的 made, and which form the only roads or footways.

The main canal itself 本身, on that side, varies 变化 from eighty 八十 to one hundred 百 yards in width 宽度, and has a fine towing 拖-path, running along upon the top of the embankment by which its waters are con‧fine 局限. A few junks 破烂 had been sunk at its entrance, and barriers 屏障 had also been formed in other branches, in order to impede 阻碍 the navigation 导航, in case our small steamers 汽船 should attempt to ascend 登 them. At the time our forces were in the neighbourhood, the waters were evidently 明显地 much higher than usual; the paddy-fields were deeply inundated, although the rice was being cut; and some of the villages and courts of the joss-houses were flooded 洪水. Shortly after‧ward 之后, while our squadron 队 was lying off Nankin, the river over‧flow 溢出 its banks so extensively, that the Chinamen were obliged 责成 to move about in boats from house to house in the suburbs 市郊; and great distress 苦难 arose arise, both from this cause, and from the entire stop‧page 停止‧页 of trade in the river.

A country so subject to inundations, and intersected 相交 as it is by canals in all directions, cannot but be at times extremely unhealthy 不良; and it is not to be wondered at that sickness 疾病 should have broken out extensively, among a body of foreigners 外国人 long con‧fine 局限 on board ship. We shall presently allude 暗示 to the sickness 疾病 prevailing 战胜 among the Chinese themselves in the neighbourhood of Nankin, which may, in some degree, account for the great falling off in its population.

From what has been said of the numerous openings and communications 通讯 of the Grand Canal, it is evident 明显 that it would require a consider‧able 大量 force to establish 建立 an efficient 有效率的 blockade 封锁. But not only was it necessary to stop the trade, but also to take measures, at the same time, to prevent the panic 恐慌 among the people from reaching such a pitch 沥青 as to drive them away from their homes, and leave the country at the mercy of the rabble, and of the law‧less 法‧少 plunderers who flock 群 into the towns from all parts, causing uneasiness even to the government.

The Blonde and Modeste, together with the Proserpine, were placed so as to blockade 封锁 the two principal 主要 entrances of the canal immediately above Chin-keang-foo, two or three days before the town was taken; while the Nemesis and the Queen steamers 汽船, having the Plenipotentiary and Captain Bourchier on board, proceeded 继续 some miles higher up the river, until they suddenly discovered a large fleet 舰队 of not less than three hundred 百 trading-junks 破烂. These were all ordered to drop down immediately to Chin-keang, where they could more easily be prevented from making their escape. A number of papers written in Chinese were distributed 分发 among the captains of the junks 破烂, telling them that no harm 损害 would be done to them, but their vessels must be detained 扣留. The Plenipotentiary immediately returned to Chin-keang-foo, and the Nemesis was left to hasten 加速 the departure 离开 of the junks 破烂, which were made to get under way at once. A grand scene of confusion followed, as they were crowded together, and all were glad to be allowed to get away from the steamer without mole‧station 痣‧站. They were after‧ward 之后 brought-to, in one of the branches of the southern 南部的 canal, just above Golden Island, and, for some time, were under the charge of the Proserpine steamer, Commander Hough.

A few miles up the branch of the canal near the mouth of which this large fleet 舰队 of junks 破烂 was discovered, was situated 位于 the third-class town called Esching, distant about twelve 十二 or four‧teen 十四 miles from Chin-keang. The approach of the Nemesis, and the detention 拘留 of the junks 破烂, caused so much consternation, that in the evening a respect‧able 可敬-dressed Chinaman, who, from the authority 权威 he was after‧ward 之后 found to possess 拥有, must have been a mandarin of some rank, came down to the steamer, bringing a few trifling 琐事 presents of tea & 功放;c., as a means of introduction 介绍. His object evidently 明显地 was to ascertain 探明 whether there was any intention of taking possession of the town; and, if so, to endeavour to avert 避免 the calamity by the offer of a ransom 赎金.

Supplies of fresh provisions 规定 were at this time greatly wanted in the fleet 舰队. Many ships, particularly transports 运输, had not been able to pro‧cure 促成 fresh meat or vegetables 蔬菜 for a consider‧able 大量 time, and the sick were, consequently 所以, deprived 剥夺 of what was most essential to their recovery 失而复得. This opportunity of pro‧cure 促成 supplies was not to be neglected. The Chinese gentle‧man 先生 and his attend‧ant 服务员 were conducted 进行 over every part of the steamer, with which they were evidently 明显地 much surprised, but above all with the engines. He was soon made to understand that if he promised to send down abundant 丰富 supplies, all of which would be equitably 公平 paid for, no harm 损害 whatever would be done to the town or its inhabitants 居民; but that no trading-junks 破烂 could on any account be permitted to pass up the river, or through that branch of the canal.

A demand for twenty 二十 bullocks was made, and they were to be delivered on the following day. This was declared to be impossible—so many could not be found; however, he was quietly told that they must be forthcoming 即将到来, and that ten 十 dollars would be paid for each of them. Late in the evening the party of Chinamen returned to the town, apparently quite satisfied with the civility they had received, and equally convinced 说服 of the formidable 强大 character of their new visiter.

On the following morning, the 19th, the same people again came on board very early, bringing with them vegetables and fruit, and remained some hours, while the Nemesis was chasing 追 the junks 破烂, which were continually 不断 coming into view as she proceeded 继续, and were naturally 自然地 trying to make their escape. There were two interpreters 翻译员 (Chinamen from Canton) on board, who hailed 冰雹 them to bring-to, telling them that they would receive no mole‧station 痣‧站 if they went quietly down the river. But some of them continued to per‧severe 持之以恒 in their attempt to escape, and, when two shots across their bows failed to bring them to, a third was invariably 不变地 fired into them, which soon had the desired effect. One or two Congreve rockets 火箭 frightened them still more, and at last they were all brought-to in great consternation. The Chinese visiters, who were on board all this time, were perfectly astonished and bewildered 困惑, but were not prevented from making a good break‧fast 早餐, nevertheless 虽然.

A short distance further up the river, they fell in with several junks 破烂 laden 载货 with coal, but abandoned 放弃 by their crews. Some of them were soon driven on shore at different points, where they could not easily be got off, in order to serve as coal depôts for the steamer, and one of the largest of them was lashed 睫毛 along‧side 并肩 and taken in tow 拖, while the Nemesis still continued her pursuit 追求 of the other junks 破烂 up the river; one part of her crew being occupied 占据 in " coaling 煤" from the junk 破烂, and the other at quarters, occasionally firing a shot across the bows of any junk 破烂 that refused to bring-to.

It is here worth while to remark that coal is found in great abundance 丰富 in China. Indeed, it is difficult to say what is not found there: gold 金, silver, iron, copper, zinc 锌, coal, in short, all that is most requisite 必要 for a commercial and manufacturing people. Coal is known to exist in abundance 丰富 in the gulf 海湾 of Pechelee; it is found in the province 省 of Che-Keang, and in almost every town visited by the expedition 远征 it was exposed 暴露 for sale in greater or less quantity. At Nankin, immense heaps of it were found stored up by the river side, and divided into three qualities, separated from each other. That which answered best for steaming 蒸汽 purposes had a less promising appearance than the other qualities. It looked slaty, but was found to burn better than the Indian coal, and our steamers 汽船 all found it to answer well. Probably, if the mines were worked to a greater depth, a better description of coal would be found.[71]

About a mile and a half above the lower branch of the canal leading up to Eshing, another larger branch was discovered, which joined the first one a little below the town. On the evening of the 19th, the Dido and Childers arrived, and joined the Nemesis; the former, commanded by the Honourable Captain Keppel, who was now the senior 前辈 officer, was stationed off the upper branch, while the latter blockaded 封锁 the lower one. Captain Hall immediately presented to Captain Keppel the Chinese gentleman, or, in reality 现实, mandarin, who had hitherto 迄今 been so polite 有礼貌的 and attentive 注意的; and the assurances 保证 previously 先前 given were reiterated 重申, that no harm 3 would be done to the town or the neighbouring country, if abundant 丰富 supplies were brought down. The same evening they went up the canal in three boats to the town, where they were very politely received by the same Chinaman, who appeared to possess 拥有 great authority 权威 over the people, who obeyed every direction he gave. At first they looked on in half stupid 愚蠢的 wonder, but were evidently 明显地 reassured 再保证 when they were told that nothing would be demanded but supplies of meat and vegetables.

On the following day, the Chinaman again came down to the Nemesis, bringing with him all the gentlemen of his family, in order to show his confidence, and at the same time invited Captain Keppel and other officers to visit him at his house in the city, and proposed to give them an entertainment 娱乐 at a joss-house ashore 岸上. He even hinted 暗示 that he would introduce them to his wife.

Arrangements were now made for establishing 建立 a regular market in the court‧yard 庭院 of the large joss-house, which stood close to the landing-place at the mouth of the canal. The man scrupulously kept his word, supplies in great abundance 丰富 of every description were brought down for sale, and the sight of dollars soon overcame all the Chinamen's fears. In fact, they reaped 收割 a good harvest 收割. These supplies were all sent down to the fleet 舰队 at Chin-keang as fast as they could be pro‧cure 促成, Chinese boats or small junks 破烂 being employed to convey 传达 them, escorted 护送 by a boat alternately 备用 from the Dido and the Nemesis, to ensure 确保 their safe delivery 传送. Such was the result of conciliating the good-will, and pacifying the fears of the Chinese.

For a moment the fears of the people were awakened 憬 by the accidental 偶然 burning of some buildings at the mouth of the lower branch of the canal, where the Childers was stationed. But fortunately the Admiral came up in person, on board the Pluto, in the afternoon, to examine the river, and the assurance 保证 of protection, if abundant 丰富 supplies were provided, being circulated 流通 among the people by a written paper or chop 劈 in the Chinese character, they resumed 恢复 their former confidence, and did not conceal 隐藏 their delight. This was the evening before Chin-keang was taken.

The next day, the 21st July, the Chinese gentleman and his attend‧ant 服务员, according to previous 以前 invitation 邀请, came down to conduct 进行 the officers to his house in the city, situated 位于 four or five miles up the canal. It is not a little singular 单数, that while one party of our countrymen were partaking of Chinese hospitality 待客, upon the most friendly terms, in the centre of a consider‧able 大量 town, the rest were engaged 从事 in deadly hostility 敌意, fighting for hearth 炉 and home, in a city only a few miles distant. Although the distance from one to the other by the river cannot be less than twelve 十二 or thirteen 十三 miles, it must be very much less in a direct line by land, as the firing was distinctly 历历 heard.

On coming on board to fetch 取 the officers who were invited to the entertainment 娱乐 at his house, the unhappy 不快乐 Chinaman burst into a flood 洪水 of tears, and soon made them understand that his wife had ran away from him, the moment it was announced 宣布 that they were coming to pay her a visit. Probably tidings had already been brought of the commencement 开始 of the attack upon Chin-keang; nevertheless 虽然, on reaching the town, there were no indications 迹象 of alarm among the people; they crowded round in all directions, out of mere curiosity 好奇心; the shops were not closed, and business did not appear to be interrupted.

A proclamation was distributed 分发 as the party proceeded 继续, announcing 宣布 to the inhabitants 居民 that all supplies would be scrupulously paid for, and that no injury 伤 would be done to the city. The best interpreter was found to be a little Chinese boy, only ten 十 years old, who had been several months on board the Nemesis, having been almost adopted by her commander 命令, after the death of his father, who was killed at Chusan. In this short time he had picked up English in an astonishing manner. His extreme youth was a guarantee 保证 for his honesty 诚实; and, at last, the Chinese gentleman carried on all his conversation through this interesting little boy; declaring that the little follow spoke speak truth and could be depended on, but that the two Canton interpreters 翻译员 perverted what was said, by purposely translating 翻译 it wrongly, to suit their own purposes, and with a view to extort money.

The Chinese gentleman's house was situated 位于 in the very heart of the city; it was a very respect‧able 可敬 mansion 大厦, with courts and buildings of great extent, ornamented with carved 雕刻 wood-work, similar 类似 to most other respect‧able 可敬 houses of its class. All the relations and friends of the family had been invited on the occasion, refreshments 爽快 were handed round, but no females made their appearance. At length, the master of the house was resolved 解决 to drown 淹死 his sorrows 悲痛 for the loss of his wife, by the delicious 美味的 enjoyment 享受 of his opium 鸦片- pipe 管子, which soon revived 复活 his drooping spirits.

The return of the party through the streets towards the boats was the occasion of greater movement 运动 among the people than before. As an additional 额外 mark of respect, two well-dressed persons accompanied 陪 each of the officers, one on either side, fanning 扇子 them as they went, for the day was extremely sultry. Altogether, it was a most interesting scene. Another entertainment 娱乐 was also given to them in the joss-house, at the mouth of the canal, where the market was held; and, in short, nothing was omitted 省略 on the part of the Chinese, to show their confidence, and their wish to cultivate 耕作 our good-will.

On the following day, the surveying 调查 vessels, Starling, Plover, and Medusa, having on board the masters of the fleet 舰队, joined the advanced squadron 队 under Captain Keppel, bringing the first intelligence 情报 of the fight of the previous 以前 day.

We must now return for a moment to Chin-Keang, which we left in the last chapter 章节 in the possession of our troops 部队, the greater part of which were already preparing to move up towards Nankin. Another attempt was now made by the Chinese commissioners 专员, Keying and Elepoo, to open negotiations 谈判 with the Plenipotentiary; but since they did not even now produce full authority 权威 from the Emperor to treat for peace, no other than the answer they had previously 先前 received could be given to them.

It has before been mentioned that the Tartar general, Hailing, when he saw that all was lost, set fire to his house, and burned himself to death in it. His wife and his grand‧son 孙子 shared the same fate; at least so it would appear from the orders issued by the Emperor after‧ward 之后, whose 谁的 man‧date 要求 was sent to Keying, "that he should despatch messengers to make diligent search for their bodies, in order that great honours might be conferred 授予 upon them. Such loyalty 忠诚 and devotion 忠诚 are worthy 值得 of the highest praise 赞扬!" A temple was also ordered to be erected 直立 to his memory, as soon as the war should be ended, upon which his own name, and also those of his wife and his grand‧son 孙子, were to be inscribed 题. Moreover, as soon as the prescribed 规定 period of mourning 悼 of one hundred 百 days should have expired 到期, the whole of his sons and daughters were to be sought out, and conducted 进行 into the imperial 帝国 presence. Such, then, are the rewards which the Emperor holds out to those who put an end to their own lives after a defeat.

Sir Hugh Gough, finding that it would take a much larger body of men to garrison 驻军 the town than could be spared from his small force, and that, moreover, it could scarcely be considered habit‧able 习惯‧能够的 during the great heat, on account of the horrible 可怕 stench proceeding 继续 from the dead bodies of the fallen Tartars, (principally 原则上 by their own hands,) and from the stagnant 滞 water in the smaller canals, determined merely to occupy 占据 the heights commanding the city towards its north-eastern angle. Major-General Schoedde's brigade 旅 was to be left in charge of the place, together with a detachment 分离 of artillery 炮兵. In order to establish 建立 a direct communication 通讯 between the heights and the city on that side, a portion of the wall was blown in, (with very large charges of Chinese powder,) and the rubbish 垃圾 removed 去掉, so as to leave a large, free opening into the city. The whole line of parapet on that side was also demolished 拆除. Another hill commanding the southern 南部的 entrance to the Grand Canal was also to be occupied 占据. The troops 部队 left behind were quite sufficient 足够 to hold these positions against any force the Chinese could bring against them after their late defeat. It consisted 组成 of the 55th regiment 团, and one company of the 98th, with the 2nd and 6th M.N.I., with artillery 炮兵 and sappers.

Perhaps the most curious object discovered at Chin-keang, and which has excited many ingenious 巧妙 speculations 推测 as to the ancient progress of the Chinese in many of the useful 有用 arts, was a small pagoda made entirely of cast 投 iron. Some have called it Gutzlaff's Pagoda, for he is said to have been the first to find it out; and it excited so much attention, that the question was at one time mooted, as to the possibility 可能性 of taking it to pieces, and conveying 传达 it to England, as a remarkable specimen 标本 of Chinese antiquity 古代. Nor would this have been at all impossible; for, although it had seven 七 stories, it was altogether little more than thirty 三十 feet high, and each story was cast 投 in separate pieces. It was of an octagonal shape, and had originally 本来 been ornamented in high relief on every side, though the lapse 失误 of ages had much defaced the ornaments. It was calculated by Mr. Gutzlaff, that this remarkable structure 结构体 must be at least twelve 十二 hundred 百 years old, judging from the characters still found upon it. Whatever its age may be, there can be no question that it proves the Chinese were acquainted 认识 with the art of casting 种姓 large masses of iron, and of using them both for solidity and for ornament 装饰, centuries before it was adopted in Europe.

On the 2nd of August, the preparations 制备 were all completed for the advance of the forces upon Nankin, the surveying 调查 vessels having already preceded 优于 the squadron 队. The principal 主要 difficulty which remained to be overcome was the great force of the current, which it required a strong favourable wind to enable 启用 the ships to stem. Indeed, without the assistance 帮助 of steamers 汽船, it is doubtful 疑 whether all the ships could have got up. On the 5th, the General reached Nankin in the Marion transport 运输, towed 拖 by the Queen steamer, having the Plenipotentiary on board.

On the following day, the Admiral got up in the Cornwallis, with some other vessels, but the whole of the squadron 队 did not join until the 9th. The Nemesis attended a part of the fleet 舰队, to render 给予 assistance 帮助 wherever 随地 it was most required, particularly in getting off the transports 运输 which took the ground, a service requiring no little judgment 判断 and perseverance. Just below Nankin the river takes a very consider‧able 大量 bend, its former course having been nearly east and west, while it now turns nearly due south until it has passed Nankin. There is, however, a cut, or canal, or creek 溪, at all events, a water passage, which cuts off this bend, of course materially shortening 缩短 the distance, which from point to point is about ten 十 miles round, and only six miles by the cut. The passage, however, is narrow; but the Nemesis, taking in tow 拖 one of the transports 运输, found her way safely through it.

On the 10th, the proper positions were assigned 分配 to the ships, in case it should be necessary to bombard 轰击 the city. The nearest point of the walls to the river was about seven 七 hundred 百 yards, and the nearest gate about one thou‧sand 千. The Cornwallis, Blonde, and heavy steamers 汽船 were placed so as to breach 突破口 the walls, if required.

Already before leaving Chin-keang, a regular summons 召唤 had been sent up to Nankin, addressed to New Kien, the viceroy of the province 省. It was hoped that by these means blood‧shed 血‧棚 might be avoided. Immediately the forces arrived before the city, it was determined that the troops 部队 should be landed without delay, with a view to make a strong demonstration 展示 against the city, and there was some reason to think that this would be sufficient 足够 to decide the wavering 动摇 councils of the Chinese, without further resort 度假胜地 to arms; and, at all events, it was requisite 必要 to support our demands by a show of the means of enforcing 执行 them.

A memorial 纪念馆 was intercepted 截距, addressed to the Emperor by the Tartar general commanding at Nankin, boldly announcing 宣布 the defeat and dispersion of the Chinese troops 部队, and the imminent 即将来临 danger even of Nankin itself 本身. It was evident 明显 that great alarm was felt, and that a general desire to stay hostilities 敌意 had got the better of all their hatred 仇恨 of the foreigners 外国人. The entire stop‧page 停止‧页 of the trade of that part of the empire, and the distress 苦难 resulting from it, tended very materially to promote 促进 this desirable 合意 object.

The venerable 可敬 Elepoo had arrived at Nankin nearly at the same time with Sir Henry Pottinger; and very soon after‧ward 之后, Keying, the other imperial 帝国 commissioner 专员, a member of the imperial 帝国 house sent expressly from Pekin, joined his colleague 同事. Various messages and writings now passed between the governor of Nankin, New Kien, and the Plenipotentiary, in which, among other things, a heavy ransom 赎金 was offered for the city. In short, the grand effort of the Chinese authorities 权威 was to gain time, to defer 延缓 the evil hour of absolute concession 让步 to our demands, and to put us off in some way or other for the moment, as they had formerly done at Canton, without committing 承诺 themselves to a final 最后 settlement 沉降 of affairs.

Fortunately, they had a man of determined energy 能源 and statesman‧like 政治家‧喜欢；象 qualities to deal with, in Sir Henry Pottinger; one who took a broad, defined 确定 view of all the questions involved, and who would not swerve for a moment from what he considered just demands and cap‧able 能 of being enforced 执行. All the astute efforts of the Chinese to temporize, to shirk the main question, to save their own dignity 尊严, and to with‧hold 扣压 what was due to that of their opponents 反对者；对手；敌手, were promptly 敏捷的 and energetically 有活力 met. With all the honour which we justly accord to the naval 海 and military 军事 operations of the war, with all due consideration 考虑 for the diplomatic 外交 difficulties which had hitherto 迄今 beset our efforts to make an equitable 公平 adjustment 调整 of the pending disputes 争议, we cannot but concede 承认 to Sir Henry Pottinger the well-earned palm 棕榈 of praise 赞扬 and eminence for the consummate tact and skill with which he conducted 进行 the difficult negotiations 谈判 at Nankin to a speedy 迅速 and successful 成功 issue.

It is not necessary, nor indeed would it be an easy matter even for one initiated 发起 into the secrets of the diplomatic 外交 correspondence 对应 which followed, to describe all the attempts at evasion 逃避 which were made by the Chinese, and the cunning 狡猾 with which they at first endeavoured to arrogate to their Emperor and to themselves superior 优越 titles of distinction 区别 and precedence 优先权. Even when it was announced 宣布 that the high commissioners 专员, Elepoo and Keying, had arrived, with full powers under the imperial 帝国 pencil 铅笔 to treat upon every subject, it was no easy task 任务 to bring them to straight‧forward 直截了当 matters of business, or to force them to produce the actual instrument of authority 权威 which they professed 宣称 to possess. The landing of the troops 部队, however, and the earnest 热心的 preparations 制备 which were made for storming 暴风雨 the city, tended to bring them speedily 迅速 to their senses.

After deducting 扣除 the garrison 驻军 left at Chin-keang, and the sick which remained on board the transports 运输, the actual force at Sir Hugh Gough's disposal 处置 for the attack of the city amounted to about three thou‧sand 千 four hundred 百 men, exclusive 独家 of the officers; a force sufficient 足够 for the easy attainment 素养 of the object itself 本身, but very small indeed for the duties likely to be required of it, when once in possession of the city. Sickness would very soon have greatly reduced the number of effective men; and although they would, in case of need, have received access‧ion 加入, by the addition 加成 of the marines 海洋 and seamen of the squadron 队, still there were even at that time so many sick on board the ships, that it would have been very difficult to make any calculation 计算 as to the number which would have remained fit for service at the end of a couple of months. The waters of the river were exceedingly 非常 high; in many parts the banks were overflowed in the neighbourhood of the city, and fever 发热 and cholera 霍乱 were the most dangerous 危险 enemies to be apprehended 拘押. In every point of view, it is a matter of the greatest congratulation 祝贺, not only that the war was so soon brought to a close, but even that our forces were not detained 扣留 for any great length of time at Nankin.

The position of Nankin is evidently 明显地 well chosen for that of a great capital; but the city is greatly fallen from its ancient importance and extent. There are remains of an ancient or outer wall, which can be traced 跟踪 over hill and dale for a distance of not less than thirty 三十-five miles. The Chinese have a saying, that if two horsemen start at day‧break 一天‧破；断 from any given point of the walls, in opposite directions, and gallop 驰骋 round the walls of the city, they will not meet until sunset 日落. But this must be a regular Chinese gallop 驰骋, and not exactly that of an English hunter. How much of this immense space was in ancient times occupied 占据 by houses, it would be difficult to determine. The walls of the present city are not nearly of so great an extent; and of the actual space enclosed within them, a very small portion indeed, perhaps not exceeding 超过 an eighth part, is occupied 占据 by the actual town.

Here again, as at Chin-keang and Chapoo, the Tartar city is separated from the Chinese part of it by a wall and gates running across it;—so carefully 小心 have the conquerors preserved their broad line of distinction 区别, in person, habits, mode of life, and privileges 特权, even in the ancient capital of the empire.

The great extent of the walls, even in the present day, rendered 给予 the city ill 生病 calculated for defence, independently 独立地 even of its being commanded by hills, particularly on its eastern side. The principal 主要 of these was called the Chungshan hill, the base of which commanded the ramparts, and from the summit 首脑 of which there was a magnificent 华丽的 prospect 展望 over the whole surrounding country, including the city itself 本身. It was principally 原则上 from this, the eastern side, that the chief attack was to have been made, had it been necessary to resort 度假胜地 to extremities. There were three gates in that face of the walls, which run very irregularly 不规则, and towards the river are almost inaccessible 人迹罕至, owing to the swampy nature of the ground; a consider‧able 大量 lake occupies 占据 the space between two of the gates. The latter are, however, approached by good causeways, by which they might easily have been threatened, while the real attack would have been made higher up, under cover of the guns planted upon the slope 斜坡 of the Chungshan hill.

The greater part of the troops 部队 were landed at a village about four or five miles up the creek 溪 or short cut before described, because there were good causeways leading directly from that point towards the city. The Nemesis was able to land at one time not less than a thou‧sand 千 men, and, in case of absolute necessity, could have contrived 图谋 to carry at least a hundred 百 and fifty 五十 more.

On the opposite or western side of the city, there was a large canal running from the river directly up under the walls, and serving to strengthen 加强 the approaches to them on that side. The mouth of this canal was completely stopped up by very strong rafts 筏, firmly secured 安全. They were, moreover, constructed 构造 in such a manner that there were, in fact, a success‧ion 演替 of rafts 筏, one above the other. On removing 去掉 the upper tier, another lower one immediately rose to the surface; and, as they were made of stout 肥硕 timbers 木材, well secured 安全 together, they effectually prevented our boats from getting up the canal. Upon the top of the rafts 筏, little huts 小屋 had even been erected 直立, in which a few poor fellows were living, but apparently not with any purpose of defence.

At daylight, on the 14th, the attack was ordered to be made upon the city, all being now in readiness 准备就绪, and the guns in position. Due warning was finally given to the commissioners 专员, that nothing could delay or suspend 暂停 the attack except the production of the actual document 文件 itself 本身, of the contents of which they had hitherto 迄今 only given a very partial 局部 account. It was not until past mid‧night 午夜, scarcely more than three hours before the artillery 炮兵 would have opened, and the assault 突击 have taken place, that the commissioners 专员 at length yielded, and sent a letter, addressed to Sir Henry Pottinger, promising the production of the all-important document 文件 at a meeting to be arranged for the morning, and entreating that hostilities 敌意 might at least be delayed until that time.

This was a moment of intense 强烈的，极度的 excitement 激动 to all who were acquainted 认识 with the circumstances 环境. The attack was of course delayed, but it was doubted by many whether some new pre‧text 预‧文字材料 would not still be found to delay or to break off the negotiations 谈判, and render 给予 the capture 捕获 of the city inevitable 必然. However, the proposed meeting did take place at a temple on shore, in the southern 南部的 suburbs 市郊 of the city, near the canal; and at length, with great form and ceremony 典礼, the emperor 皇帝's commission 佣金 was produced, and carefully 小心 examined by Mr. Morrison, in the presence of Major Malcolm; and, at the same time, Sir Henry Pottinger's patent 专利 was like‧wise 同样 produced, and translated 翻译 to the deputies 副 who attended for the purpose on the part of the imperial 帝国 commissioners 专员.

As yet, no personal 个人 interview 访问 had taken place between Sir Henry and the commissioners 专员. Matters now proceeded 继续 satisfactorily. It was evident 明显 that the Chinese were at length prepared to yield anything we might demand; their anxiety 焦虑 to put an end to the blockade 封锁 of the river and the canal was not concealed 隐藏, and it was said to be freely admitted that the people were in the greatest distress 苦难.

Three days after‧ward 之后—viz., on the 17th, it was announced 宣布 by Sir Henry Pottinger to the naval 海 and military 军事 commanders-in-chief, that the negotiations 谈判 had arrived at that stage which authorized 授权 him to beg 乞讨 that hostilities 敌意 might be considered suspended 暂停. Some little delay was necessarily occasioned, by the time required, and the difficulty experienced, in translating the lengthened 延长 correspondence 对应 which took place. The distance, moreover, of the city from the ships, and the time necessary to receive and transmit 发送 the communications 通讯 and their replies, tended to pro‧long 延长 the proceedings 继续. Even in three days, however, the treaty 条约 was actually drafted 草案 in English and Chinese, (the latter a task 任务 of extreme difficulty, from the precision 精确 of terms necessary,) and the commissioners 专员 acceded to the whole tenour and forms of a document 文件 of incalculable importance, not only to England and the other nations of Europe, but to the whole future welfare 津贴，福利 and progress of the Chinese empire.

Many days must have elapsed 过去 before the terms of the treaty 条约 could be made known at Pekin, and the assent 同意 of the emperor 皇帝 be received. It might still have been doubted whether, even in the eleventh hour, the emperor 皇帝 could bring himself to submit 给 to the hard necessity of accepting terms which he had hitherto 迄今 believed himself able rather to dictate 听写 to every other nation, or to accord, as a matter of "especial favour," to submissive barbarians, than to receive from them as a boon.

The high commissioners 专员, of course, professed 宣称 to be confident 确信的 that all the provisions 规定 of the treaty 条约 would be assented 同意 to by the emperor 皇帝. They were extremely anxious 焦急的 to persuade 说服 Sir Henry Pottinger that the ships might safely be withdrawn from the river at once, even before an answer could be received from Pekin. Their great anxiety 焦虑 to have the blockade 封锁 raised was by no means concealed 隐藏; but the plenipotentiary was far too clever 聪明的 a diplomatist to think of foregoing 放弃, for a moment, the immense advantage which the position of our forces already gave him, and the commissioners 专员 were distinctly 历历 apprised that everything would still continue to be held in readiness 准备就绪 for the resumption 恢复 of hostilities 敌意, in the event of the emperor 皇帝's confirmation 确认 of the acts of his commissioners 专员 being withheld.

The report which was sent up to the emperor 皇帝 by the two high commissioners 专员 was certainly remarkable for its clearness and simplicity 简单, compared with the tone 音 usually adopted in Chinese documents 文件. Indeed, it has generally been accorded to Keying, that he was the first high officer who, since the commencement 开始 of the war, had dared to tell the naked 裸 truth to his imperial 帝国 master.

The time which elapsed 过去 between the sending up of the draft 草案 of the treaty 条约 for sub‧mission 服从 to the emperor 皇帝, and its return with the imperial 帝国 assent 同意, was partially 部分 occupied 占据 by visits of ceremony 典礼 between the high commissioners 专员 and the British plenipotentiary. On the 19th, the former paid their first visit on board the Cornwallis, having been conveyed 传达 thither from the mouth of the canal, on board the little Medusa steamer. They were received on board by the plenipotentiary, supported by the admiral and general, and after having partaken of refreshments 爽快, were conducted 进行 round the ship, every part of which they inspected 检查, but without expressing any particular astonishment 惊愕, which in China is considered ill bred.[72]

The commissioners 专员 were accompanied 陪 by New Kien, the viceroy, and also by the Tartar general.

On the 22nd, the visit was returned by Sir Henry Pottinger, accompanied 陪 by the Commanders-in-chief, and attended by upwards 向上 of a hundred 百 officers in full uniform 制服. They were escorted 护送 by a guard of honour of the grenadiers of the 18th royal Irish. The place of meeting was at the temple outside the walls, at which the previous 以前 conferences 会议 respecting the production of the imperial 帝国 commission 佣金 had been held. It was an imposing 强加 and interesting scene; the number and variety of the costumes 服装, contrasted 对比 with the uniforms 制服 of our officers, and the novelty 新奇 of the spectacle 场面；眼镜 altogether, could not fail to make a deep impression 印象 upon all present.

On the 26th, a conference 会议 was held within the walls of Nankin itself 本身, between Sir Henry Pottinger and the commissioners 专员, and the terms of the treaty 条约 were again read and discussed. Sir Henry was escorted 护送 by a guard mounted upon the Arab horses brought from Madras for the artillery 炮兵. Little could have been seen of the city upon this occasion, as the procession 队伍 passed directly up to one of the public halls, and returned by the same route 路线. The bearing of the people was perfectly quiet and orderly; and the mark of confidence on both sides shewn by the visit of the commissioners 专员 on board the Cornwallis, and of the plenipotentiary within the walls of the city, must certainly have tended to increase the mutual 相互 good understanding which it was now so desirable 合意 to cultivate 耕作.

At length, on the 29th of August, three days after the previous 以前 visit, the emperor 皇帝's full assent 同意 to the provisions 规定 of the treaty 条约 having in the meantime arrived, the ceremony 典礼 of the actual signature 签名 of this most interesting document 文件 took place on board the Cornwallis. Every arrangement 安排 was made which could at all enhance 提高 the solemnity of the ceremony 3; and even the venerable 可敬 Elepoo, though sick and very infirm from age and ill health, allowed himself to be carried on board, and into the after-cabin 舱, rather than delay for a day the signature of the treaty 条约.

A great number of officers (all those having a rank equal to that of a field-officer) were admitted into the after-cabin 舱, in order to witness the intensely interesting ceremony. Captain Hall was like‧wise 同样 permitted to be present, as a mark of especial favour, although not then of the prescribed 规定 rank. Just at the eventful moment, also, Captain Cecille, of the French frigate Erigone, arrived from Woosung, having made his way up in a Chinese junk 破烂 hired 聘用 for the occasion at Shanghai, and manned by a picked crew of his own men. He presented himself uninvited, on board the flag-ship, and almost demanded to be present. It is said that his reception 招待会 was not very cordial.

It was at first feared by many that the Chinese government would prove itself 本身 insincere in its professions, and would probably seek 寻求 an early opportunity of nullifying the provisions 规定 of the treaty 条约. By others, it has been thought that even the people themselves would not only continue their ancient hostility 敌意 to foreigners 外国人, but might urge, and almost force the government itself 本身 into renewed 更新 collision 碰撞 with us—that, in fact, nothing short of the capture 捕获 of Pekin itself 本身, at some future day, would suffice 满足 to humble 谦逊的 the nation, and compel 迫使 them to hold reluctant 不情愿 inter‧course 交往 with us.

The disturbances 骚乱 which took place at Canton, after the peace (to be described in the next chapter 章节) gave some colour, for the moment, to these apprehensions 顾虑; and the less people at a distance were acquainted 认识 with the origin and nature of those disturbances 骚乱, and with the Chinese character generally, the more readily such apprehensions 顾虑 found credence. In this respect, I firmly believe that we do the Chinese some injustice 不公正; and I cannot but think that, if further difficulties should arise, which might lead to a collision 碰撞 much to be deplored 痛惜, they will be occasioned rather by some indiscretion, some want of forbearance, or some undue 过度的 and unwarranted interference 干涉 with the acknowledged 确认 rights and customs of the Chinese, by foreigners 外国人 themselves, than by violence on the part of the people, or a wish to annul the provisions 规定 of the treaty 条约 on the part of the government. It is only necessary to read the whole of the published 发布 correspondence 对应 of Sir Henry Pottinger, and to look at the scrupulous exactness with which the Chinese have acted, and, we may add, the readiness 准备就绪 with which they have met Sir Henry's wishes, to be convinced 说服 that it only requires judgment 判断, forbearance, and strict 严格的 propriety on our part, not only to continue, but even to increase, the good understanding which already exists.

The regulations 规 already published 发布 by Sir Henry Pottinger, respecting the future trade, will go far to prevent any wilful misunderstanding 误解. But if we wish to extend our inter‧course 交往, and to benefit 效益 by increased good-will and confidence, we must win it from the Chinese by cultivating 耕作 their good feelings, not by offending 触怒 their prejudices, and by treating them with consideration 考虑, firmness, and scrupulous honesty 诚实.

The consuls at the five ports 港口 will have arduous and responsible duties to perform, and very much must depend upon their tact and judgment 判断. The Chinese are not only a prejudiced 成见, but a timid 胆小 people; they require to be led rather by good management 管理 and scrupulous faith, than to be irritated 刺激 by overbearing manner, or forced into dishonesty by the constant 不变 suspicion 怀疑 of it. During the existence of the company's charter 宪章, the mark of the company was considered by the Chinese as an unfailing guarantee 保证 of the genuine 真正 character and quality of the articles, in accordance 按照 with the description given of them. The mark no longer exists, and the Chinese merchants have not that implicit 含蓄 faith in the written description of our goods which they formerly had. It is impossible to be too scrupulous in maintaining 保持 our character for strict integrity 廉正 and fair dealing; and it is to be hoped that these will be kept strictly in view, more especially in the new ports 港口 just opened to us.

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CHAPTER XXXVII.

The two most interesting objects which deserve 应受 attention outside the walls of Nankin are, the famous 著名 porcelain 瓷tower 塔, or pagoda, and the tombs 墓 of the kings of the ancient Chinese dynasty 王朝. Of the former it would be extremely difficult to give such a description as would convey 传达 to the reader's mind an accurate 准确的；精确的；正确的 idea of its peculiar structure 结构体 and character. It stands pre 预-eminent 杰出 above all other similar 类似 buildings in China for its completeness and elegance 优雅, the quality of the material of which it is built, or rather with which it is faced over—namely, variously coloured porcelain 瓷 bricks 砖, highly glazed 釉; and for the quantity of gilding 镀金, and particularly of gilt 镀金 images 图片, with which its interior 室内 is embellished.

The building is of an octagonal shape, about two hundred 百 feet high, divided into nine 九 stories. The circumference of the lower story is one hundred 百 and twenty 二十 feet, so that each face must measure about fifteen 十五 feet; but this measurement 测量 decreases 减少 as you ascend 登, although each story is of equal height. Its base rests upon a solid foundation 基础 of brick‧work 砖‧工作, raised about ten 十 feet above the ground, and you ascend 登 to the entrance of thetower 塔 by a flight 飞行 of twelve 十二 steps. Its face is covered with slabs 板 of glazed 釉 porcelain 瓷 of various colours, principally 原则上 green, red, yellow, and white; but the whole building is not, by any means, constructed 构造 with porcelain 瓷. At every story there is a projecting 项目 roof, covered with green-glazed 釉 tiles 瓦, and from each of its eight 八 corners is suspended 暂停 a small bell 钟.

The effect of this building, when viewed from a mode‧rate 有节制的 distance, is imposing 强加, no less from the novelty 新奇 than the peculiarity of its appearance. You ascend 登 to the top of it by one hundred 百 and ninety 九十 steps, leading through the different compartments 隔室, but they are not all in very good repair. The interior 室内 of each story appears at first view striking, but is rather gaudy than elegant 优雅, being filled with an immense number of little gilded 镀金 images 图片, placed in niches 壁龛, in each of the compartments 隔室, between the windows.

The view from the summit 首脑 of this temple amply 功放 compensates 补偿 you for all the trouble of reaching it, and for any little disappointment 失望 that may have been felt at the appearance of the interior 室内 of the building. The property extends over an area of nearly thirty 三十 miles, and a great part of this is enclosed within the ruins of a dilapidated wall. The country is beautifully 精美 diversified 多样化 by hill and dale, and houses and cultivated grounds; yet, in some parts, it looks almost deserted. Yet it cannot be viewed without great interest, not only from the appearance of the country, but from the associations connected with the locality 局部性, and with the tower itself 本身. This latter is said to have cost an immense sum 和 of money (seven 七 or eight 八 hundred 百 thou‧sand 千 pounds), and to have occupied 占据 nine‧teen 十九 years in its completion.

A not unnatural 不自然 desire to possess specimens 标本 or relics 遗迹, as mementos of the first, and probably the last, visit to the ancient capital of the empire, led to a few instances 例 of defacement and injury 伤 to some parts of the building, and to many of the figures within it. But the complaints 抱怨 made upon the subject after‧ward 之后 by the head priest 神父 of the tower, or of the monastery 修道院 attached 连接 to it, seem to have been a good deal exaggerated 夸大, probably in the hope of obtaining 获得 hand‧some 英俊 compensation 赔偿金. It was notorious 臭名昭著 that a great part of the specimens 标本 which were carried away were actually sold sell to visitors by the priests themselves. A complaint 抱怨, however, was made upon the subject to Sir Henry Pottinger, and at his request measures were adopted to prevent any recurrence 循环 of the violence; and, indeed, with the laudable object of encouraging a good understanding with the Chinese, and of doing what, under the circumstances 环境, appeared to be an act of justice, a consider‧able 大量 sum 和 of money was paid over to the chief priest 3, or abbot, of the monastery 修道院, to be applied to the restoration 恢复 and decoration 装饰 of the building. It much exceeded 超过 the actual value of the damage done.

Another object of very great interest, which engaged 从事 attention at Nankin, was the large and extremely ancient cemetery 公墓, which apparently, without sufficiently 充分地 well-ascertained 探明 grounds, came to be called the Tombs of the Kings, supposed to be of the Ming dynasty 王朝. They were situated 位于 on the slope 3 of the hills, at no great distance from the principal 主要 gate of the city, at the extremity of a fine paved 铺平 road.

But, perhaps, still more curious is the avenue of gigantic 巨大 figures, most of them hewn from a solid piece of stone, which leads up towards the tombs 墓. Nothing else of the kind was seen in China, and they bore all the appearance of extreme antiquity 古代; the grass 草 grew grow very high among them, and served to conceal 隐藏 the fragments 分段 of some which had been broken. The engraving 雕刻, which forms the frontispiece to this volume 卷, will convey 传达 a better idea of them than any written description. It is taken from an admirable 令人钦佩 sketch 草图, drawn on the spot, by Captain Watson, R.N., C.B. The figures bear the appearance of gigantic 巨大 warriors 战士, cased in a kind of armour, standing on either side of the road, across which, at intervals 间隔, large stone tablets 片剂 are extended, supported by large blocks of stone in place of pillars 支柱, such as are frequently seen on the roads leading to temples in China, and occasionally across the streets, erected 直立 in honour of particular individuals.

In the drawing are represented a number of colossal 庞大 figures of horses, elephants 象, zebras, and other animals, rudely, executed 执行, and placed without any distinct 不同 arrangement 安排. Properly speaking, they are situated 位于 at a consider‧able 大量 distance from the alley 胡同 of giants 巨人, but have been introduced to give an effective representation 表示 of the whole. There is something peculiarly Egyptian in the appearance of them all, and one could rather imagine that the scene was laid in the vicinity 附近 of Thebes than under the walls of Nankin. It tends, in some measure, to strengthen the opinion of those who have endeavoured to trace 跟踪 a connexion between China and Egypt, at a very remote 远程 period of their history.

Little remains to be said concerning the rest of the short period of the detention 拘留 of our forces at Nankin. On the 15th of September, the Emperor's positive 正 assent 同意 to the treaty 条约, signed by his commissioners 专员, on the 29th of August, was received at Nankin.

All were now anxious 3 to quit 放弃 the river without delay, in which so many brave men had already found a grave, through sickness 疾病. Every ship was full of invalids 无效; in many of them full one-third of the crew were unable 无法 to work, and in some even more. The officers appeared to suffer equally with the men; and on this account some of the transports 运输 were in a pitiable condition. The recovery 失而复得 of the men was extremely slow, and, even after the fever 发热 was apparently cured 治愈, relapses 复发 were very frequent. There are no means, however, of ascertaining 探明 the actual number of deaths which occurred 发生, but in some ships they were numerous. Among the troops 部队, the 98th regiment 团 and the Bengal Volunteers suffered the most; but the latter were affected 影响 more by their confinement 坐月子 on board ship, and by the voluntary 自主性 starvation 饥饿 to which they submitted, on account of the prejudices of their religion, than by the mere effect of climate 气候. They principally 原则上 suffered from dysentery, occasioned by their abstinence from proper food. Most of them being Rajpoots, high caste 种姓 Hindoos, they were prohibited 禁止 by their superstition 迷信 from eating any food cooked on board ship. Dry rice and gram 公克 (a shrivelled pea 豌豆, of which sheep 羊 and cattle are very fond 喜欢的) constituted almost the only food they would eat, and edible 食用 tobacco 烟草 their only luxury 豪华. Medicine 医学 could afford little aid 援助 to men under these circumstances 环境; and they preferred death to the violation 违反 of their religious 宗教 feelings; indeed, it was not until the survivors 幸存者 reached Hong-Kong, and were sent ashore 岸上 to live in tents, in order to be able to cook proper food for themselves, that they began to recover 恢复 strength enough to enable 启用 them to support the remainder 余 of the voyage 旅行 to Calcutta.

While the Hindoos suffered thus severely, the few Mohammedans who were in the regiment 团 escaped almost without sickness 疾病, and there was scarcely a death amongst 之中 them. A finer regiment 团 than the Bengal Volunteers, when they arrived in China only a few weeks before, nine 九 hundred 百 strong, could hardly be seen. They were even seven 七 hundred 百 and fifty 五十 strong when they landed at Nankin, after having been in action at Chin-Keang; and yet, when the regiment 团 arrived in Calcutta, there were less than four hundred 百 survivors 幸存者. Indeed, there were little more than three hundred 百 upon the field when they were reviewed at Barrackpore, with the rest of the garrison 驻军, by Sir Hugh Gough.

Before leaving Nankin, the ceremony of conferring 授予 the order of the Grand Cross of the Bath 沐浴 upon Sir Hugh Gough was performed on board the Cornwallis, with all the attend‧ant 服务员 marks of honour. As it was directed that it should take place in the most public manner possible, the high Chinese officers were invited to attend, and every preparation 制备 was made to give eclât to the proceedings 继续. Very few of the Chinese came to witness it, but a few were sufficient 足够 to make known to their countrymen generally, that great honours were being conferred 授予 upon the English general, for his successes against their best troops 部队.

Towards the end of September, the different transports 运输 and ships of war began to move down the river. The steamers 汽船 were now almost entirely supplied with Nankin coal, immense heaps of which were found regularly 经常 stored up along the banks of the river, nearly in front of the city.[73]

The descent 下降 of the river was in some respects more difficult for the squadron 队 than the ascent 上升, particularly as the buoys, which had been laid down to mark the channel 渠道, had been removed 去掉 by the Chinese in the interim 临时. Under these circumstances 环境, and in the absence of proper charts 图表 of the river, it is highly credit‧able 学分；信用；表扬‧能够的 to the transports 运输 that they all succeeded in getting down without any serious accident. Steamers generally went ahead, and gave the soundings by signal, notwithstanding 虽然 which, most of the ships got aground several times. The weather was now very unsettled 搞糟 and hazy, as the north-east monsoon was just setting in, and this added, of course, to the difficulty.

The plenipotentiary, together with the Admiral and General, paid a visit to Shanghai, on their arrival 到达 at Woosung, and the arrangements 安排 respecting the ransom 赎金 of the town, which was to be considered as part of the money paid under the terms of the treaty 条约, were now completed, and the money was shipped; by this payment 付款, the first instalment of 6,000,000 dollars was completed.

At the end of October the whole of the fleet 舰队 had finally quitted 放弃 the Yangtze Keang, and were assembled 集合 in the beautiful 美丽 harbours of Chusan. I never remember to have witnessed so picturesque 如画 and striking a scene as was there presented to view. Both the outer and inner 4 harbours were crowded with men-of-war, transports 运输, and steamers 汽船.

About the middle of November, nearly all our ships had reassembled at Hong-Kong. It was a most animated 活跃 and bustling 忙碌 scene, and during the two or three weeks in which our forces were detained 扣留 there, the Chinese reaped 收割 a rich harvest 收割 from the sale of Chinese manufactures and curiosities 好奇心, which were eagerly sought for.

From various causes, our forces were detained 扣留 at Hong-Kong longer than had been expected, and in some respects it happened fortunately, although the weather had become excessively 过度的 cold and trying for the men. On the 7th of December disturbances 骚乱 took place at Canton, which resulted in the total destruction of the old company's factory 工厂, the Dutch factory, (occupied 占据 by American merchants,) and the adjacent 邻 extensive buildings, called the Creek Hong. As this event produced great alarm in the minds of the foreign residents 居民 in China, and even produced an impression 印象 on the minds of mercantile people at a distance, who were, in consequence 后果, led to doubt the practicability of maintaining 保持 peace‧able 和平‧能够的 relations with the Chinese for any length of time, some few details will be necessary.

It is proper to remark that the community of Canton differs 不同 in many respects from that of any other part of China. Long accustomed to a profit‧able 有利可图 inter‧course 交往 with foreigners 外国人, and encouraged by their government to look upon them as an inferior 下, or, at all events, a less favoured race, arrogant 傲慢 also in proportion 比例 to their ignorance 无知, they could not reconcile 调和 to themselves the advantageous 有利 terms which had been exacted as the price of peace from the Emperor; and forgetting the numerous lessons 教训 they had been taught in the Canton river, they believed they could still have succeeded against the foreigner, had their professed 宣称 patriotism 爱国主义 been appealed 上诉 to, and their proud spirit permitted to pour 淋；倒 forth its vengeance 复仇.

It is also to be remembered that, in a large commercial city like Canton, a great number of bad and discontented 不满 characters are collected from all quarters. Its reputation 名气 for wealth 财产 made it a desirable 合意 field for the adventurer 冒险活动, while the prospect 展望 of the loss of a great portion of its trade served to produce a general discontent 不满 among the residents 居民. Every great change, however, is commonly attended with some difficulty at first, nor was it likely that the people of Canton could readily forget the day when our troops 部队 dictated 听写 terms for the ransom 赎金 of the city, from the heights above it. Moreover, a great part of them really believed that they had been betrayed 背叛, and that treachery or bribery 行贿 had been used rather to favour us than to spare 节省；多余的；备用件 the city; while they scarcely doubted that the large bodies of militia 民兵, or self-styled 样式 patriots 爱国者, who continued to hover 徘徊 about the rear 后 of Sir Hugh Gough's army while upon the heights, would have sufficed 满足 to have driven him back again to his ships.

For some days previous 以前 to the actual disturbances 骚乱, there had been rumours of an intended rising against the English. Hints were given by some of the people of the establishments belonging to the Hong merchants, that something unusual 异常 would happen, and, in fact, that people were combining together for no good ostensible purpose. I happened to be at Canton at the time, and could not help noticing the eagerness with which the crowds of passers-by were reading anonymous 匿名 placards pasted 粘贴；面团 upon the walls, in the narrow streets at the back of the Factories. These documents 文件 professed 宣称 to publish 发布 the sentiments 情绪 of the patriotic 爱国的 gentry 绅 and people belonging to the neighbourhood of Canton. They misstated the terms of the treaty 条约, and asserted 断言 the belief, that foreigners 外国人 were here‧after 此后 coming to build houses for themselves at Canton, and to reside 居住 there with their families. This was, in fact, the great object of their dread 恐惧, or rather, this was the principal 主要 argument 论据 they used to endeavour to rouse 唤醒 the people generally to resist 抵抗, "and not to allow a single foreigner to remain."

The promiscuous residence 住宅 of foreigners 外国人 in China was certainly never contemplated 沉思 by the terms of the treaty 条约; though a support was given to this sup‧position SUP‧位置 of the Chinese, by the appearance of three or four English ladies (wives of captains of ships at Whampoa) in the streets of Canton.

I remember well what a sensation 感觉 it created, when these ladies were seen proceeding 继续 up China Street, accompanied 陪 by their children, (and, of course, by their husbands.) The novelty 新奇 of their dress and personal 个人 appearance was the least part of the business. It was an infraction of all the established 建立 usages 用法 of the Chinese; for not only had no foreign ladies been hitherto 迄今 seen in the streets, but not even Chinese ladies are ever to be seen in public, except in sedan-chairs. On this occasion, the people offered neither violence nor insult 侮辱, and, indeed, a few policemen were stationed close to the Factories, to prevent the pressure of the crowd. In the evening they embarked 从事 again in their boats, and proceeded 继续 down the river.

There is no question that this little incident 事件 had a very bad effect upon the feelings of the Chinese. As aproof 证明 of this, it is right to mention that the same persons again came up a few days after‧ward 之后, and resided 居住 with their husbands in one of the factories 工厂, and that that very factory was the first attacked, and unquestionably the object was to drive out the foreign ladies, as much as it was to plunder 掠夺. They escaped, with the utmost 极 difficulty and danger, by a back way, and were received into one of the Hong merchants' ware‧house 仓库 until they could be conveyed 传达 down the river. But the mob 暴民 destroyed and tore tear into shreds 撕碎 every article of their wardrobe 衣柜 which they could find.

In justice to the Chinese, and to the very proper and cautious 小心的 measures adopted by Sir Henry Pottinger, this incident 事件 cannot be omitted. But the mob 暴民 evidently 明显地 had its leaders 领导; and many of the people were said to be provided with little bags of gun‧powder 枪‧粉, for the purpose of setting fire to the buildings. There was certainly some preconcerted scheme 方案 or other, although the occurrence 发生 of the out‧break 暴发 on that particular day was a matter of accident.

Disputes first arose in the early part of the day (7th December) between a number of Lascars, who were on leave from Whampoa, and some of the shop‧keeper 店主 of Canton. The Lascars are generally allowed to trade a little on their own private account, and are in the habit of carrying back to India a great variety of articles, of little cost, purchased 采购 in China. On this occasion, a very large number of them were allowed to come up to Canton together; hard bar‧gain 讨价还价；交易 were driven, and doubt‧less 毫无疑问， there were faults 缺点 on both sides. High words soon led to blows and squabbles 争吵 in some of the back streets; the disturbance 骚乱 naturally 自然地 increased by the access‧ion 加入 of recruits 招聘，吸收；征募新兵 to both sides, stones flew fly and sticks were used, and at length the Lascars were driven out of the back streets into one of the unoccupied hongs, called the Creek Hong, which still remained unrepaired since the general pill‧age 丸‧年龄 of the Factories in the previous 以前 year.

For some time both parties remained quiet, and probably those Chinamen who commenced 开始 the disturbance 骚乱 had little to do with what after‧ward 之后 happened. Towards evening, numbers of suspicious 可疑的-looking people began to collect together, in front of the Factories. Something serious was now anticipated, and the European residents 居民 began to barricade 壅 their doors and windows, and to endeavour to secure 安全 their books and treasure 金银财宝 as well as they could. One of the first objects upon which an attack was made by the mob 暴民 was the British flag-staff in the Company's garden, into which they forced their way. The staff was soon set on fire, (there was no flag,) and the blaze 火焰 was followed by a general shout.

The British factory, which was then undergoing 经历 repair, was the next object of violence. The workmen within it defended it for some time, but the mob 暴民 at last got in, and were thus enabled 启用 to force their way from the balcony 阳台 into the adjoining 毗 building, (formerly part of the Company's hong,) in which the ladies were staying with their friends. Fortunately, however, they had already been conveyed 传达 away to a place of safety.

Elated with success, the mob 暴民 gradually attacked the other adjoining 毗 factories, particularly that which was formerly occupied 占据 by the Dutch, but which was then rented 租；租金 by an American firm. Here a stand was made with fire-arms against the invaders 侵略者 for some time, and two or three of them were shot. At length, however, they prevailed 战胜; and the American gentlemen had a narrow escape in reaching their boats, but were only able to save a small quantity of the treasure 金银财宝.

Gradually the crowd increased, as the night set in; parts of the factories were already on fire, and if the wind had been high, instead of being nearly calm, it is impossible to say where the destruction would have stopped, in a city like Canton.

It will be asked whether no attempt was made by the Chinese authorities 权威 to disperse 分散 the mob 暴民. For some time they seem to have been actually themselves afraid of encountering 遭遇 the mob 暴民; and a small party of police-runners 跑步者 and soldiers, who were sent down in the first instance 例, were said to have been driven off. It must not be supposed that all, or even a quarter part, of the foreign factories were burned down. None of the rest were injured 损伤, except those situated 位于 between Hog Lane and the Creek. Towards morning the mob 暴民 began to be satiated with what they had done, and a large body of soldiers coming down into the square in front of the Factories, headed by their proper officers, soon managed to enforce 执行 quiet. They retained 保留 possession of the square, and pitched 沥青 their tents, as if they were to be stationed there for some time.

The alarm created by these violent proceedings 继续 among the foreign community was of course very great indeed. But whatever the plans of the Chinese may have been, the arrival 到达 of the Proserpine steamer on the following morning at Canton tended very much to reassure 再保证 the European community. Sir Hugh Gough had requested to be conveyed 传达 in her to Canton, merely for the purpose of visiting the town, and it was quite a matter of fortunate 侥幸的 accident that she arrived there just when she was most wanted. Communications passed between Sir Hugh Gough and the authorities 权威, who gave every assurance 保证 of their desire to maintain 保持 tranquillity. But the difficulty was as to their power to carry out their own wishes. It was doubted whether their soldiers could be depended on, and Sir Hugh Gough, therefore, acceded to the request of the merchants, to allow the Proserpine to remain off the Factories until communications 通讯 could be received from Sir Henry Pottinger.

In every point of view, this was now a very critical 危急 moment. A single false 虚伪的 move, or one hasty 匆 step, would have led to collision 碰撞 and difficulty, and might have end‧anger 危害 the existence of the peace for which we had so long been struggling. The utmost 极 caution 小心 and good judgment 判断 were required to allay the angry 生气的 feelings on both sides; and it would have ill become us to have assumed 承担 the appearance of almost inviting the renewal 复兴 of a collision 碰撞 with a proud susceptible 易感 government, when their high officers declared themselves "both willing and able to control their own people, and to protect foreigners 外国人."

The merchants at Canton addressed Sir Henry Pottinger, with a view to obtain 获得 from him protection for their persons and property while carrying on their trade at Canton; they expressed their firm belief that there was a prevailing 战胜 spirit of hostility 敌意 to the English among certain classes in Canton, by whom the mob 暴民 were influenced, and that unless armed protection (amounting in reality 现实 to armed intervention 干涉) were afforded to them, it would be impossible for them to carry on their business, except through the means of American agency. And this kind of assistance 帮助 was generally deprecated by the merchants, as tending not only to throw business into the hands of the Americans for the time, but also to establish 建立 it permanently 永久 in their favour, to the detriment 损害 of our own mercantile interests.

The reply of Sir Henry Pottinger to the merchants was a long and some‧what 有些 harshly 粗暴地 expressed document 文件. It seemed to have been written on the spur 骨刺 of the moment, and amounted, in fact, to a rebuke 训斥, addressed to the merchants; part of which had little reference to the matter in question. The impression 印象 of the Plenipotentiary seems to have been, that the foreign community were altogether in the wrong; and his Excellency certainly had in view the extensive, and one may almost say acknowledged 确认, smuggling 走私, not only of opium 鸦片, but of every description of exports 出口 and imports 进口 which were liable 容易 to duty, in the Canton river.

This was undoubtedly 无疑 a critical 危急 moment of our inter‧course 交往 with the Chinese. Sir Henry Pottinger addressed a letter upon the subject to the Viceroy of Canton, and sent it up by the Nemesis. It would be difficult to say that this was not the wisest 明智的；聪明的 and most dignified 褒 course to pursue 追求. If the Viceroy should declare either his inability 无力 or his unwillingness 不愿意 to protect the foreign community, then, indeed, would be the proper time for intervention 干涉, in order to secure 安全 to them that protection which they needed.

Captain Hall had previously 先前 gone up as a passenger 乘客 in the Proserpine, with Captain Hough, to Canton; but the moment it was ascertained 探明 that the Nemesis had passed the Bogue, in charge of his chief officer, he went down to meet her, and brought her safely straight up to Canton from Whampoa, passing through the passage between the stakes 赌注 below Napier's fort 堡, and then taking the left-hand passage, by the low alluvial island. The Proserpine had previously 先前, for the first time, been carried up the right-hand passage. Both of these lead up to nearly the same point, opposite the French Folly.

Great was the rejoicing 欢庆 of all the foreigners 外国人 at Canton, the moment they recognised their old friend the Nemesis approaching. And who that had once seen her could ever mistake her appearance, with her two huge 巨大 eyes upon the bows, in true Chinese fashion!

On this occasion, the captains of the merchant-vessels at Whampoa hand‧some 英俊 volunteered 志愿者 to lend 把…借给 their services, if necessary. There was great uncertainty 不确定 as to what might happen, and it was reported that an attempt would be made upon the steamer at night. It was not forgotten forget that on former occasions fire-rafts 筏 had been sent down the river to destroy the shipping, and it was necessary that the Nemesis and Proserpine should be prepared. The assistance 帮助 of two boats only was accepted—one from the Tuglis, under Captain Isaacson, and another from the Edinburgh, under Captain Paterson. Both boats were well armed and manned, and were of great use in guarding against a surprise.

Mr. Medhurst had come up in the Nemesis, as interpreter, in charge of Sir Henry Pottinger's letter to the Viceroy; and the question now was, to whom, or through whom, was it to be delivered? A great number of Chinese soldiers were encamped on the ground in front of the Factories, for the protection of the foreigners 外国人. They were evidently 明显地 some of their best soldiers, for they were well dressed and properly armed. Each tent 帐篷 was appropriated 适当 to about six men; and one of their large, long shields 盾, placed upright 直立的, served as a door to each; their arms were all in readiness 准备就绪, and sentries were placed. As for the men themselves, their only occupation 占用 or amusement 娱乐 seemed to be gambling 赌 all the day long.

At first the Hong merchants proposed to receive the letter, but that was, of course, objected to. Then the Kwang-chow-foo, or Prefect, wished it to be handed over to him on shore, but that was also refused. It was intimated 亲密 that it could only be delivered to him on the quarter-deck 甲板 of the steamer. At length a mandarin, who spoke a little English, having formerly been employed in one of the Hong merchants' establishments, came along‧side 并肩, and proposed that Captain Hall should go into the Prefect's boat, and there deliver the letter, under the pretence that the Prefect was an old man, and could not get up the ship's side. All these were little attempts at evasion 逃避, to save his dignity 尊严. It was, however, insisted 咬定 that the Prefect should come on board the Nemesis, and there receive the communication 通讯, and he might bring as many of the Hong merchants with him as he pleased.

At length, finding that nothing was to be gained by further delay, and that the days of paying court to the Prefect were now long past, he stepped upon the quarter-deck 甲板 of the steamer, accompanied 陪 by most of the Hong merchants. They were all conducted 进行 into the cabin 舱, and the letter was delivered in due form, with an intimation that it was to be laid before the Viceroy without delay, and that a speedy 迅速 answer was expected. They then requested that the steamers 汽船 might be removed 去掉 lower down, as their presence only tended to keep alive 活的；有生命的 the excitement 激动. This, however, could not be complied 执行 with. They denied 拒绝 altogether the report that a large body of troops 部队 were advancing towards the city, or that any violence or insult 侮辱 whatever was intended against the foreigners 外国人. However, it was intimated 亲密 that the steamers 汽船 were perfectly prepared, and that their guns would be kept loaded, ready to meet any attack that might be made.

The answer of the Viceroy was perfectly satisfactory; and that it was sincere 真诚的, the event has since fully 充分 proved. He declared his great anxiety, as well as his perfect ability, to protect all foreigners 外国人; and, at the same time, expressed his readiness 准备就绪 to repay 偿还 all such losses as had been incurred 招致 during the late riots 暴动, after they should have been correctly ascertained 探明, and transmitted 发送 through her Majesty's government.

There have been no grounds whatever for supposing that there will be any probability 可能性 of another collision 碰撞 with the Chinese, to whose 谁的 moderation 适度 and good faith, since the terms of peace have been settled, too much justice cannot be done. When we consider the wonderful 精彩 changes which have been brought about in so short a period of time, and these, too, in the face of a nation the most proud, the most prejudiced, and the vainest 徒劳的 in the world, we cannot but look back with wonder at all that has happened, and stand firm in our belief that Providence has yet greater things in store for China, mainly through the instrumentality of England.

A new era 时代；年代 is undoubtedly 无疑 now opened for the Chinese; new duties and new relations have been imposed 强加 upon them; but let us not forget, in the fulness of victory, and in the pride 自尊 of the human heart, that new and highly important duties are imposed 强加 upon us also, not lightly to be thought of, nor inconsiderately handled. We must take for our motto 座右铭, forbearance, good-will, kindliness, honesty 诚实, and true Christian feeling. With these as our panoply, the benefit 效益 to be derived 派生 by both nations from the cautious 小心的, systematic 系统的, and prudent 谨慎 exercise of the duties imposed 强加 upon each other, may become a blessing 祝福 to both. Let it also be borne bear in mind, that qualities the reverse 反向；倒转 of these—overbearing violence, and, above all, undue 过度的 love of gain—may entail 意味着, not only misery 痛苦 and the horrors 恐怖 of anarchy 无政府状态 upon a people who proudly boast 自夸 of their antiquity 古代 and of their vast 广大 resources 资源, but may also bring political difficulties, with loss of dignity 尊严 and of high principle 原理, upon that little distant speck upon the earth's surface, yet that giant 巨人 in the world's interest—Great Britain.

At the latter end of December, the whole of the transports 运输 and ships of war not required for further service in China sailed from Hong-Kong for their respective 各自 destinations 目的地; and peace seemed now to reign 统治 through‧out 始终 the whole of that vast 广大 portion of the East.

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CHAPTER XXXVIII.

Before daylight on the morning of the 23rd of December, the Nemesis was destined 注定 to take her departure 离开 from Macao, and probably to bid 出价 adieu to China for ever. It is not too much to say, that she was regretted by all.

Before three o'clock she was under way; and the discharge 卸货 of a few rockets 火箭 and the report of her guns gave notice of her departure 离开 to the still sleeping inhabitants 居民, who were quite unused 没用过 to the disturbance 骚乱 at that early hour in the morning. It caused some little alarm among the inmates 犯人 of the houses on the Praya Grand, fronting the bay. But the Governor, who resides 居住 there, had been previously 先前 told, in a good-humoured way, that he must not be alarmed at a little noise 噪音 during the night. When daylight broke, the Nemesis was out of sight of Macao.[74]

As the extent of the wear and tear of the vessel, after three years' service of a trying kind, was not precisely 精确地 known, it was not thought prudent 谨慎 to run out into the middle of the China Sea, during the strength of the monsoon. She therefore coasted along towards the island of Hainan, in order that she might be able to take shelter, if a gale 大风 came on. It was perhaps fortunate 侥幸的 that she did so. The weather was extremely pleasant and warm, but looked unsettled 搞糟. The appearance of the coast, as we ran along it, at the distance of five or six miles, was bold 3 and mountainous 多山, but not very fertile 沃, as far as we could judge at that distance.

In the course of the day, we passed through a large fleet 舰队 of fishing-junks 破烂, dragging 拖拽 their huge 巨大 nets 网 before the wind. The Chinese fishermen did not appear alarmed at the approach of the steamer, and from one of them we pro‧cure 促成 an enormous 巨大 fish, weighing 称重 no less than eighty 八十-eight 八 pounds, and differing 不同 in appearance from any we had hitherto 迄今 seen. It had a large flat head, but small mouth, and was of a greenish-yellow colour. When dressed, it was found eat‧able 吃‧能够的, but rather strong.

We soon passed very near the curious conical rock, called the Mandarin's Peak 峰 or Cap 盖, and kept the coast in view until dark. On the following day, the weather was extremely hazy and unsettled 搞糟, and there was a heavy swell 膨胀；增强 setting in from sea‧ward 海‧病房. We had hoped to have been able to land on Hainan on Christmas 圣诞节-day, and to have drank drink the health of absent 缺席的 friends on terra firma; but the hazy weather detained 扣留 the vessel, and she only anchored 锚, as the night set in, in a fine sandy 沙 bay in seven 七 fathoms water; the wind howled 嗥 over our heads, and made it the more satisfactory that we had kept near the land.

As mention has been made of having passed through a fleet 舰队 of fishing-junks 破烂, it will be proper here to warn all vessels against being off their guard on such occasions. The fishermen along the whole coast of this part of China, as far as Canton, are rogues 流氓, pirates 海盗, smugglers 走私者—in short, ready to take advantage of any opportunity, honest or otherwise, of benefiting 效益 themselves. They will, perhaps, appear quite friendly at first; and if they then find that a vessel is not prepared to resist 抵抗, or if they think that they could over‧power 压倒 her, the chances are that they would not hesitate 犹豫 to make the attempt, when least expected. Never trust your‧self 你自己 in a strange place ashore 岸上 without at least one double-barrelled 桶 pistol 手枪 in your pocket, and never admit a Chinaman on board, (if a number of fishing-boats are about,) on this coast, without being prepared to prevent treachery. This caution 小心 is not unnecessary 不必要 to ordinary merchant vessels, because it commonly happens that, although they have arms on board, the ammunition 弹药 can seldom 很少 be found when it is wanted in a hurry, and not unfrequently, when the barrels 桶 of the muskets are clean and the bayonets bright, the locks have got no flints. It is at night that the Chinese would be most likely to make the attempt, and for this reason the opium 鸦片 clippers are always well armed and manned. This is found necessary for their own protection, and not, as many have supposed, to compel 迫使 the Chinese to purchase 采购 the drug 药物.

The bay in which we anchored 锚 was situated 位于 a little to the east‧ward 东方的 of Liengsoy, or Tongsoy Bay, as laid down in the charts 图表. On the following morning, as we proceeded 继续 towards the latter bay, we could clearly distinguish a sunken reef 礁, running out from the east point of it, to the distance of nearly a mile. At the extremity of it, numerous fishing-boats were busily occupied 占据, and with some difficulty a pilot 飞行员 was pro‧cure 促成 from one of them, to take us into Liengsoy Bay. He was found of little use, as it was easy to make our way in without him; but he seemed highly pleased when a dollar was given to him, with a view to encourage others to come to the assistance 帮助 of any other vessel that might require a pilot 飞行员.

Liengsoy is a fine bay, perfectly sheltered during the north-east monsoon, but a little exposed 暴露 to the south-west. From the depth of the bay, and from its being sheltered to the west‧ward 向西 by a long chain of rocky 岩石 mountains, it is well protected on that side, while the long reef 礁 forms a natural 自然 break‧water 破；断‧水 upon the east side. It is open only to the south‧ward 南方‧病房; and, from the height to which the sand is blown up upon the northern beach 海滩, it is evident 明显 that the wind sets in sometimes with great violence.

At the extremity of the bay was a narrow opening, not very easily seen at a distance, which led into a large salt-water lagoon 泻湖. We pulled towards it in the steamer's cutter, and soon discovered a small half-dilapidated stone fort 堡, on the left hand, near which was a small government station, distinguished by its flag, but the inmates 犯人 (although one of them, a fine stout 肥硕 fellow, was probably a mandarin) were very poor and humble 谦逊的. They invited us to land, and very civilly 国内 gave us tea, and let us smoke our cigars 雪茄 in their small dwelling 住, built of half mud 泥, half mats 席子, but more comfort‧able 舒服；自在 within than the exterior 外观 promised. Thence we walked along a fine sandy 沙 beach 海滩, bordering 边；界 the lagoon 泻湖, until we came to a tolerable village, situated 位于 in the middle of a fine cocoa 可可-tree plantation 种植园. It appeared to be principally 原则上 inhabited 居住于 by fishermen—fine, stout 肥硕, well-made people; and the large quantity of sharks 鲨鱼' fins 鳍 which were fixed upon stakes 赌注, and put out to be dried by the sun, along the edge of the lagoon 泻湖, sufficiently 充分地 indicated 表明 the principal 主要 occupation 占用 of the people. The huts were built of coral 珊瑚, mud, and bamboo 竹, and were ranged in long lines or lanes 车道, and the people seemed generally well clothed and happy. The women were not secluded 隔离, but came out to look at our party, almost as freely as the men. All appeared good-humoured and well disposed 部署, and offered us plenty of ducks, fowls, and pigs for sale. It was noticed that, even in this poor little fishing-village, people were seen reading or writing in almost every one of the little shops. As we left it again, the villagers 村民 amused themselves by letting off crackers 饼干 in all directions—a Chinaman's delight. Numbers of the people followed us down to the boat again; and two or three rupees, distributed 分发 among the most deserving, put them all in a good humour.

We could not ascertain 探明 whether any river flowed into the lagoon 泻湖 or not, but no fresh water was seen, although, from the greater number of trees and the appearance of vegetation 植被 at the upper extremity of it, about a mile and a half distant, we thought it probable that a small river opened into the lagoon 泻湖.

Having rejoined 归队 the steamer, we stood out of the bay again, and, having rounded the western extremity, formed by the range of hills which run quite down to the coast, proceeded 继续 along shore for about a mile, until we entered another fine bay, remarkable for having three entrances, and called Galong Bay. The coast is extremely bold and rocky 岩石, covered with low, stunted 特技 shrubs 灌木, and there is deep water almost close in shore. Horsburgh's description and directions were found to be quite correct; except that the village of which he speaks could not be found any‧where 任何地方 at the present time. The bay is one of great extent; and the two rocky 岩石 islands, called the Brothers, between which are the channels 渠道 leading into it from the west‧ward 向西, are bold and striking objects.

As we proceeded 继续 further into the bay, the appearance of its shores improved; the steep, picturesque 如画 mountains on all sides being clothed with wood from their summit 首脑, to the water's edge. The only perfect shelter for ships from the south-west is under a low island, called Middle Island, inside the Brothers, where there is a fine, sandy 沙 beach 海滩, but not very deep water. Of course there is perfect shelter from the north-east, and you have always the advantage of three entrances into the bay.

Having steamed quite round the bay, the Nemesis went out again by the broadest passage, between one of the Brothers and the main island, and continued to coast along a bold, rocky 岩石 shore, until we entered the beautiful 美丽 bay of Yin-lin-kan. The entrance to this is not broad, but sufficiently 充分地 so for ships to work in, and then it expands 扩大 into a fine, bold bay, having plenty of water in all parts. On proceeding 继续 to its farthest extremity, we found the entrance of what Horsburgh calls a lagoon 泻湖; at its entrance it has all the appearance of a lagoon 泻湖, and it is not until you get up quite to its extremity, (which you are able to do in boats,) that you find a river of tolerable size flowing into it.

The great bay or harbour of Yin-lin-kan is by far the best of all those that were visited on this coast. There is fine anchor‧age 锚‧年龄 in smooth water, perfectly protected from all winds; indeed, the sea outside cannot even be seen when you are fairly inside the bay. Several large fishing-junks 破烂, of the better kind, were at anchor 锚 there; and the shores were bold and picturesque 如画.

Having found our way into what appeared to be the mouth of the lagoon 泻湖, it was determined to stand in, if possible, to explore it further. The entrance was narrow, and the passage tortuous; but, by observing the character of the shores on either side, together with the varying 变化 shades 遮阳；阴 of colour in the water, and with two good men in the chains, and one out on the jib-boom 繁荣, the channel 渠道 into it was found without much difficulty, the water being deeper than was expected. Fishing-stakes 赌注 were seen in several places, so that it seemed probable that a town or village was not far off. The lagoon 泻湖, or expanded 扩大 river, was now found to turn round to the right, or west‧ward 向西, and several small junks 破烂 were at anchor 锚 near a few huts upon the shore. The appearance of the country was very peculiar, looking very like a flooded valley, about half a mile in breadth 4, the shores rising up on either side with a rather steep ascent 上升, but leaving some low ground at the edge of the lagoon 泻湖.

The steamer continued to push her way on for about one mile and a half or two miles, through a shallow channel 渠道, until she had passed a double line of long fishing-stakes 赌注, one on either side. The water was now too shallow: to proceed 继续 further, and the tide was falling, so that it was necessary to retrace our steps into deeper water, where she anchored 锚 for the night.

On the following morning, at daylight, the weather being very unsettled 搞糟 and hazy, Captain Hall determined to take his cutter and pinnace, and proceed 继续 to the extremity of the lagoon 泻湖, nearly a mile distant, in the hope of finding a river, or probably some town or village, not far off. The crews were well armed, in case of a surprise; and we also took our double-barrelled guns, in the hope of getting a shot or two at some game. As we approached the end of the lagoon 泻湖, the water became very shallow, and the passage difficult to find. We saw what appeared to us to be deer 鹿 and pheasant, in abundance 丰富, along the edge of the mountains, on either side; but time was too precious 宝贵的 and the water too shallow, (it being quite low water,) to permit us to land where we most wished.

At length, after carefully 小心 searching for a consider‧able 大量 time, we found a distinct 不同 entrance to a river, nearly at the right hand corner at the end of the lagoon 泻湖. It was not easy to make it out at first; as the banks, which were low, were thickly covered with man‧grove 男人‧树林 shrubs 灌木. The country expanded 扩大 into a broad, open valley, beyond which well-wooded hills could be seen on every side. Cocoa-nut 螺母 trees were growing in abundance 丰富; and here and there we could descry, in the distance, small, rich, green spots of cultivated ground, which made us think that we should find inhabitants 居民 not far off. We had no difficulty in ascending 登 the river, but discovered no habitations or appearance of cultivation 教养 on its banks. The bare 光秃秃的 roots of the mangroves on either side, standing out exposed 暴露 into the river, served to shew by their marks that the water sometimes stood much higher than it then was, and that floods 洪水 occasionally took place.

At the distance of about two miles from the entrance, we came to a narrow, wooden-plank 板 bridge, close to which were two small junks 破烂, or decked 甲板 boats. One of our boats was sent higher up to explore; but the river was found divided by a small island, a little above the bridge, and the water was so shallow that the pinnace could not proceed 继续 without difficulty. Accordingly, having left a part of the men in charge of the boats at the bridge, and another party, consisting 组成 of an officer and six men, being ordered to follow at an interval 间隔 of less than half an hour, Captain Hall and myself 我, accompanied 陪 by four men, well armed, set out to explore the country. We soon fell into a well-beaten beat, sandy 沙 cart 运货马车-track, which surprised us not a little, as we had hitherto 迄今 seen nothing of the kind in China. It has been already noticed that carts 运货马车 were found to be in use in the island of Formosa; and it was also known that they were to be met with in the northern parts of China, in the neighbourhood of Pekin.

After pursuing 追求 our way along this sandy 沙 track for about a mile, we entered a fine cocoa 可可-tree wood, with several neat 整洁的 little cottages 小屋 built in the midst 中间 of it; and presently we heard a creaking 吱吱, or rather, squeaking 吱 noise, which seemed to be nearing us. It was soon found to proceed 继续 from three bullock-carts, rudely built of poles 极, covered round with matting 席子, and drawn by buffaloes 水牛 instead of bullocks. They had more the appearance of large bales 包 of goods than of carts; the wheels were made of solid wood, and the axletree was fixed in the wheel, (as at Formosa,) but turned round under the body of the cart 运货马车, causing a loud, squeaking 吱 noise at each revolution 革命.

Several teams of buffaloes 水牛 were passed, dragging timber 木材 down to the river-side, which must be found in abundance 丰富 in this neighbourhood, and of good quality; an important consideration 考虑 for ships driven into the bay of Yin-lin-kan by stress 强调 of weather.

We soon emerged 出现 into a fine, level, grassy 绿色的 plain; upon which, at intervals 间隔, clusters 簇 of shrubs 灌木 and young trees were passed. Small green parroquets seemed to be very numerous. The soil, however, was poor and sandy 沙; but the mountains which bounded 必定；跳 the plain, or expanded 扩大 valley, were covered with wood; while, lower down towards the river, (or what appeared to us to be its probable course,) grass-lands and paddy-fields varied 变化 the landscape 景观. We were surprised, however, at seeing so few people; and, compared with China Proper, the country appeared to us very thinly populated 填充.

The autumnal tints 着色 were still fresh upon the foliage 叶子, although it was past Christmas 圣诞节-day; and the variety of the trees, and the peculiar conical shape of some of the mountains, thickly covered with wood to their very summits 首脑, combined to give additional 额外 interest and novelty 新奇 to the character of the country. Perhaps it struck us the more forcibly 强制, from being different from anything we had recently seen in China Proper. It was curious to notice the gradations of verdure according to the height above the valley. At the bottom, everything was brown and autumnal, at the top, it was all green and youthful 青春的, while between the two were all the intermediate 中间 stages. Here again we thought we could distinguish deer 鹿 and pheasants in the woods along the mountain sides.

Gradually the plain became contracted 合同, and we entered a regular sort of narrow cart 运货马车-road, overhung with trees, and cut at least two feet below the surface, as if the better to give protection from the sun's rays 光束. This soon led us to some rich paddy-fields, in the neighbourhood of a village, around which were gardens planted with the sweet potato 土豆 and other vegetables, and apparently cultivated with great care. The village, or rather hamlet 村庄, was very inconsiderable; and we passed on without halting 停, in the hope of reaching some town of consequence 后果. The valley continued to get narrower, and our road was now sheltered with trees.

A walk of about four miles further brought us to another consider‧able 大量 village, where we halted 停 for an hour, and took refreshment 爽快 in a large public tea-shop. The villagers 村民 crowded good-humouredly round us, and betrayed 背叛 little fear, although we were all well armed. We only saw two really poor people amongst 之中 them, and they looked as if they were just let out of prison. As usual, our dress, appearance, arms, and every little trifle 琐事 we carried about us, attracted great attention and curiosity 好奇心. They had probably never seen Europeans before; and when we fired off a musket to please them, their astonishment 惊愕 was indeed great. Their wants were few, and the necessaries of life appeared easily obtained 获得; there were some decent 正经 shops in the village, and, as usual, plenty of people who could read and write.

Altogether the whole appearance of the country gave one the idea of a newly-colonized 拓殖 spot. We saw no goats 山羊 or cows 奶牛, but plenty of capital pigs and poultry 家禽. We still thought that there might be some consider‧able 大量 town not far off; and by the help of a small vocabulary 词汇, written in Chinese, (which of course they were able to read,) we ascertained 探明 that there was one some miles off, the direction of which was pointed out to us. After some hesitation 犹豫, we determined to proceed 继续; and at length we reached the extremity of the valley, where there was merely a foot‧path 蹊, running sometimes between low hills, at other times through a dense 稠密 scrub 擦洗, until at length we crossed the bed of a river, with a fine rocky 岩石 bottom and a rapid stream. Here we halted 停, to refresh 使恢复 ourselves 我们自己 with a cool draught, when suddenly a whole posse of people descended the hill on the other side, and began to cross the river; some were carried in sedan-chairs, (mandarins, probably,) some were led with chains round their necks, while others had chains round their legs; there were also several attend‧ant 服务员; and one great man rode ride on horse‧back 马背. They had almost reached the middle of the river before they observed us, and naturally 4 looked some‧what 有些 alarmed at our appearance. We saluted 礼炮 them, and then passed on.

Our road now lay among hills, and the ground was broken and tire‧some 使…疲惫‧一些. We ascended 登 one hill, which was paved 铺平 all the way with large rough stones, and we concluded 得出结论 we must be near the town we were in search of; and the novelty 新奇 of the adventure 冒险活动 stimulated 刺激 us to go on, although the heat was great, and we had still the whole distance to travel back again. We now ascended 登 a steep eminence a little out of the road, from which we obtained 获得 a magnificent 华丽的 view of the country, with a fine plain just beyond the hills, bounded by the sea in the distance. We could see no town, but there could be little doubt that it lay somewhere in the beautiful 美丽 plain beneath 之下 us.

Having regained 恢复 the principal 主要 path, we proceeded 继续 some way further along the side of a wooded mountain, until we reached an inn 小旅馆 by the road side. Here again we got tea, and smoked our cigars 雪茄, on perfect good terms with the Chinese, our fellow-travellers. A consultation 会诊 was now held. It seemed probable that the town we were attempting to reach was that of Lychew, upon the sea-coast, about ten 十 or twelve 十二 miles from the capital of the island. The day was already far advanced, and we had still about twelve 十二 miles to get back again to our boats. Moreover, we thought it very likely that by returning at once we should meet the sedan chairs empty, and the horse without its rider, returning to the town, after having escorted 护送 their prisoners, and thus we should manage to get ourselves 我们自己 carried back to our boat. We determined, therefore, not to proceed 继续 further, although we much longed to descend 下来 into the valley beyond.

It surprised us that, considering we were without doubt the first Europeans who had been seen in that part of the country, the people shewed not the slightest rudeness or trouble‧some 麻烦 curiosity 好奇心. They all seemed much more taken up with the appearance of one of the black Kroomen, who attended us, than with the Europeans.

After proceeding 继续 two or three miles on our way back, we fortunately met the sedan-chairs and the horse returning. We soon made them halt 停, and tried to come to terms for them to carry us all the way down to our boats. Captain Hall mounted the horse without any ceremony; but the poor fellows who had charge of it cried so lustily, and from their manner made us believe that they would be so terribly punished, that at last they were allowed to proceed 继续 unmolested.

Next came a grand dispute 争议 about the sedan-chairs, rickety old things made of bamboo 竹; but we soon got into them, (there were only two,) and held out a dollar; but between fear and disinclination to the job, the men set us down, and left us in the lurch 困境. However, as we kept possession of the chairs, we had the best of the bar‧gain 讨价还价；交易, though it was not a very pleasant prospect 展望 for us to sit there until it should please the men to carry us on. At length, after some deliberation 审议 among themselves, they agreed to carry us for a dollar each, and away we went, greatly enjoying the fun 乐趣.

On reaching the village at which we had before halted 停, they set us down again in order to rest themselves, and tried every means to persuade 说服 us to alight 落, and take some tea; but we were rather too old travellers to be taken in by such tricks 哄骗；诀窍, and continued to keep possession of our chairs. At length, finding they could not get rid 使摆脱 of us, they made up their minds to carry us on the whole way, and trotted 小跑 off nimbly enough. The easy, measured step of the Chinese bearers 来人, who carry the poles 极 upon their shoulders, one on either side, with a cross piece joining them together, and resting upon the back of the neck, is by no means disagree‧able 不同意‧能够的; and considering the rudeness of the construction 施工 of the chairs, we were surprised that the motion was so pleasant.

Presently we fell in with the other party which had been desired to follow us, and received a very good account of the civility they had met with from the people. Indeed, they stated that they had overtaken a respect‧able 可敬-looking Chinaman on horse‧back 马背, as they were marching along, who, seeing a young midshipman of the party, among so many stout 肥硕 men, very gallantly dismounted, and offered him the use of his horse; intimating 亲密 by his manner and gestures 手势 that he was too young to walk so far. This little piece of attention was the more remarkable as horses are seldom 很少 used by the Chinese, and are usually only found in the hands either of people of rank or of great wealth 3. On reaching a road which branched off to the left, the polite 有礼貌的 gentleman resumed 恢复 his horse and disappeared.

At length we reached the beautiful 美丽 cocoa 可可-nut 螺母 wood near the river, and refreshed 使恢复 ourselves 我们自己 with the milk 奶 of the fresh nuts 螺母, under the shade 遮阳；阴 of the trees, which were here growing to a very great height.

Having regained 恢复 our boats, we found a number of Chinese collected round them, but no violence or insult 3 had been offered; indeed, the peasants 农 had brought down fowls and ducks for sale.

It was now almost sunset 日落, and the tide was just beginning to turn, so that we descended the river rapidly, and, as we emerged 出现 from it into the lagoon 泻湖, it was christened Hall's River, with our last glass of cherry 樱桃-brandy 白兰地, a little of which we had taken with us for the journey 旅行.

As it was still nearly high-water, the appearance of the lagoon 泻湖 was much more striking than it had been in the morning, and we could see plenty of game coming out of the woods, to feed upon the little green patches 补丁 at the foot of the hills. But not a single human habitation could be discovered. We soon reached the steamer again, and instantly getting under way, proceeded 继续 out of the lagoon 泻湖, or Inner 5 Harbour, as it is called upon the Admiralty chart 图表.

It should here be remarked, that the entrance to the outer harbour or basin 盆 of Yin-lin-kan, as laid down in the chart 图表, is much toe 脚趾 broad and the bay too open; at least, such is the impression 印象 from what we remember of the very mode‧rate 有节制的 breadth 5 of the entrance, and of the appearance of the basin when inside of it. There was a heavy swell 膨胀；增强 outside, the result of the strong breezes 微风 which had prevailed 战胜 for several preceding 优于 days.

We now stood across the Gulf of Tonquin, towards the coast of Cochin-China, which we kept in sight all the way down. On the 29th we ran into the large and beautiful 美丽 basin, called by Horsburgh, Phuyen Harbour, in latitude 纬度 18° 23' N., with a view to ascertain 探明 its character and cap‧ability 能力, which could be done with very little detention 拘留. The importance of an accurate 准确的；精确的；正确的 knowledge of the best harbours for ships to run into, in the China Sea, in case of need, cannot be overrated now that there is every probability 可能性 of a great increase in the number of merchant ships passing up and down. The great Phuyen Basin 4, which in fact contains three excellent harbours, is accurately described by Horsburgh. We steamed round it in all directions, and were struck with its beauty, and the perfect shelter it affords. The soundings were very regular, from twelve 十二, to five and a quarter, and four and a half fathoms. The Buoy Rock, which is the only danger, is distinctly 历历 seen above water, at ebb 落潮-tide, looking precisely 精确地 like what its name indicates 表明. As we came out again at high-water, it was found covered. It lies about half way up the first or outer harbour, at the distance of half to one-third of a mile from the northern shore.

Just at the entrance to this harbour, near its southern 南部的 shore, stands the high, abrupt 突兀, rocky 岩石 island, called Nest （鸟）窝 Island, which, although there is deep water close in, on either side, has a coral 珊瑚 reef 礁 running out from its western extremity. The three harbours are, first, Xuandai, on the southern 南部的 shore, round Nest Island; next, Vunglam, on the north-western side, about a mile and a half further up; and lastly, Vungchao, at the end of the basin 5.

Nothing can exceed 超过 the beauty and security 安全 of the spot, shut in on all sides, like a large lake, the shores being bold and mountainous 多山, but not much wooded. Further inland 内陆, to the west‧ward 向西, the country appeared fertile 沃 and well cultivated, but not laid out in terraces 阳台 along the hill sides, as in most parts of China-Proper, but divided into small fields with hedgerows round them, putting one very much in mind of some parts of England.

We were disappointed in not finding a town of some size along the shores of the basin; but, as the soil is there generally poor, while there was evidently 明显地 a rich valley a little in the rear 后 to the west‧ward 向西, we concluded 得出结论 that it was probably situated 位于 in that more favoured spot. There were however two hamlets 村庄, one on either side of the extremity of the bay, situated 位于 in the midst 中间 of a fine cocoa 可可-nut 螺母 wood; and in a little bay in the east corner we found a very extensive burial 葬礼-ground, with a number of large tombs 墓, and a small chapel 教堂. We could learn nothing of its history, but concluded 得出结论 that it was the cemetery 公墓 for wealthy 富裕 people belonging to some town not far distant. We landed, and rambled 漫谈 among the curious tombs 墓, different in appearance from those either of the Chinese or the Malays. There were a few fishermen's huts in the neighbourhood, but the people were poor and ill-clothed, and their features 特征 far from prepossessing. The men were small in stature 身材, and in every respect an inferior 下-looking people to the inhabitants 居民 of Hainan.

A vast 广大 number of large, well-built fishing-boats were sailing about the great basin, built very sharp at both ends, and of great length. They carry an enormous 巨大 sail, very broad, but not high, cut square, but yet not like a lug-sail. It was made of a strong kind of grass cloth 布. As this powerful 强大 sail must of course end‧anger 危害 the safety of their long narrow boat, they adopt a curious mode of counterbalancing it, so as to keep the boat upright 直立的. A long straight stout 肥硕 spar 温泉 is run out to wind‧ward 风‧病房 from the middle of the vessel, and upon this three or four men (more or less according to the strength of the wind) crawl 爬行 out, and sit upon the extremity, dangling 吊着 their legs over the water in a manner not to be envied 嫉妒. From long habit, they sit there very contentedly, for a length of time, almost entirely naked 裸, and appear to think that no other kind of ballast is needed. If the wind were suddenly to change, they would probably get a ducking 鸭子, by their own weight bearing down the boat, with such a lever 杠杆. But, as the monsoon blows pretty regularly 4 here, they are not afraid of sudden changes. If they have occasion to put about, the men all come in first, and then rig 操纵 out the spar 温泉 upon the opposite side, crawling 爬行 out upon it again as before.

Two or three better kind of vessels were seen, differently rigged 操纵, something like our lattine-rig 操纵, and they looked and sailed remarkably well. The people did not appear at all afraid of the steamer, although they looked on in evident 明显 wonder, as she moved so steadily through the harbour.

The same afternoon, we pursued 追求 our voyage 旅行; and on the 5th of January, the Nemesis steamed into Singapore, decorated 装饰 with a number of Chinese flags 旗；石地板, and was cheered 欢呼 by several of the transports 运输 as she passed. The next day, nearly all the rest of the squadron 队 set sail again, leaving the Nemesis to follow, as soon as her fuel 汽油 was completed.

On the evening of the 12th, the Nemesis again pursued 追求 her voyage 旅行; and on the 14th, at daylight, anchored 锚 in the shallow open bay of Malacca. The view of the town and coast from the bay is striking; there is a Malay look about it, and much less of the European character than in Singapore. There is a rich flat belt 腰带 of country along the coast, thickly covered with cocoa 可可-nut 3 trees; while a hill adjoining 毗 the town, upon which there is the ruin 破坏 of a church, with a flag-staff, and a saluting 礼炮 battery 电池, forms a marked point in the prospect 展望.

Everything at Malacca distinctly 历历 indicates 表明 the "tempora mutantur" of by-gone days; the dull stillness of the town, the mixture 混合 of Dutch countenances 面容, modified 修改 by long descent 4 in a tropical 热带 country, the fallen-off look of the public buildings, point out the little value which is set upon Malacca in the present day. The kind attentions of the governor, however, induced 促使 us to pay a short visit a few miles into the interior 室内, where we obtained 获得 a splendid 壮观的 view of a fine, rich, well-wooded, and well-watered country. We were evidently 明显地 in the favoured regions 地区 of the spice 香料 plantations 种植园.

We had just arrived in time to disturb 打扰 a nest （鸟）窝 of Malay pirates 海盗 who had landed the day before, and had robbed 抢劫 one of the neighbouring villages, killing or wounding several of the inhabitants 居民. The steamer's boats were immediately sent away manned and armed, at the governor's request, and accompanied 陪 by a large hired boat, carrying a strong body of police. A search-war‧rant 保证 had been obtained 获得 for the purpose of examining two or three small junks 破烂 which had recently come into the bay, but nothing suspicious 可疑的 was found on board. The boats then pulled off towards two islands several miles distant, where it was thought the pirates 海盗 might lie concealed 隐藏; but nothing was discovered. The matter was then left entirely in the hands of the police, and the steamer's boats returned.

The same evening we again pursued 追求 our voyage 3 towards Penang, or Prince of Wales's Island, the so-called gem 宝石 of the eastern seas. Our course was taken as close along shore as was possible; and instead of passing through the narrow channels 渠道 between the sands in the middle of the straits, we pushed through the Calam Strait, just above the Parcellar Hill, and found the passage broad and safe, the shores on both sides being bold and well wooded.

On the 17th, we reached the truly 真 beautiful 美丽 island of Penang, a spot which becomes the more striking the oftener it is seen, and anchored 锚 in a small sandy 沙 bay close to the fort 堡, inside the Dido, 20, under the command of the Honourable Captain Keppel. Enough has already been said of this lovely 可爱的 spot in the early part of this work. Its clean and regular town, its excellent roads, beautiful 美丽 villas 别墅, and rich plantations 种植园 of spices 香料 of all kinds, and of cocoa 可可-nuts, added to the picturesque 如画 beauties of the landscape 景观 on every side, cannot be forgotten by any who have visited them.

The hospitality 待客 and good feeling of the inhabitants 居民 of Penang cannot be exceeded 超过. There is a consider‧able 大量 population of Chinese upon the island, (in addition 加成 to Malays, Indians, and Europeans,) who, besides being excellent mechanics, enter largely into the cultivation 教养 of spice 香料 trees, and often become not only honest and useful 有用 tenants 承租人, but actual proprietors 业主 of small plantations 种植园. It is worth remembering, that from its geographical 地理 position, there is not half an hour's difference in the rising and setting of the sun at Penang through‧out 始终 the whole year.

There is one curiosity 好奇心 in natural 自然 history very common on this island which I had never seen else‧where 在别处—viz., the trumpet 喇叭 beetle 甲虫. Although not large itself 本身 it has a long trumpet 喇叭-shaped proboscis, or kind of feeler, from which it emits 发射 so loud and long a sound, among the woods by the mountain's sides, that you can scarcely believe that any insect 虫 could possibly send forth such a tone 音. It gave one more the idea of the sound which a bird might utter 说出, such, for instance 例, as that of the bell 3-bird, or the whip-bird, or the laughing jackass (vernacularly 白话 called) met with in New South Wales.

One of the largest trees on record is to be found at Penang. It is one hundred 百 and thirty 三十 feet high to the first branch, and thirty 三十-six feet round in the largest part.

After a few days' detention 拘留 at Penang, to complete some necessary repairs and to take in coal, we bade adieu, with many regrets 后悔, to that lovely 可爱的 island, and coasted along all the way towards the entrance of the Moulmein river, at the mouth of which we found the Endymion at anchor 锚, having Sir Hugh Gough and staff on board. Having delivered the despatches and letter-bags, we proceeded 继续 up the river in charge of a pilot 飞行员, for the purpose of getting coal. The river was found broader and deeper than had been expected, well wooded on both sides; indeed, a great quantity of valuable timber 木材 is exported 出口 from Moulmein, and large ships are built there extremely well and cheap 便宜的. The H.C. steamer Tenasserim was built in this river after the model of The Queen, built in England, and has answered extremely well.

Two of H.M. brigs were at anchor 锚 off the town, besides two small vessels and gun-boats belonging to the East India Company. Moulmein was garrisoned 驻军 by a force of about 4000 men, including one European regiment 团. It is the frontier 边境 town of Burmah, on its southern 南部的 side, lying just opposite Martaban, where it was said the Burmese had collected a large army just before we made peace with China; probably with no friendly feeling towards us. The town itself 本身 is in its infancy 婴儿期, but has made great progress within the last few years. There is a magnificent 华丽的 view of the surrounding country, and of the river both above and below, and also of the distant town of Martaban, from the top of a high conical hill, upon which are several curious temples built after the Burmese fashion. The town must be considered rather as a large frontier 边境 military 军事 station than as a place of trade, and the soil is generally poor and sandy 沙.

By the kindness 善良 of the Governor, who politely lent 把…借给:lend us some of the Commissariat elephants, we were enabled 启用 to make an excursion 短途旅行 to see the very remarkable caves 洞穴, distant about fifteen 十五 miles from the town. We had to ascend 登 the river in a boat, for some miles, when we landed on the opposite side, where the elephants were in readiness 准备就绪 for us. The sun was excessively hot, so that umbrellas 雨伞 were necessary. As elephant 象-riding was quite new to us, and the animals themselves, moreover, were only accustomed to carry heavy burdens 负荷，重负, it was no easy matter to mount 增加 them at all, even when they had knelt 跪:kneel down. At last, however, we contrived 图谋 to scramble 争夺 up by the tail 尾, making use of it as a rope 粗绳.

After a ride of seven 七 or eight 八 miles, we came to several isolated 隔离；孤立；分离 wooded rocks of great height, standing up on the surface of an extensive plain, unbroken by any other objects. They were covered more or less with wood, from the base to the summit 首脑, the trees growing to a great height among the crags, in a manner which made you wonder how the soil in which they grew could have come there. The caverns were very large and deep, showing a beautiful 美丽 stalactitic formation 结构；形状；形成方式；组成方式. The effect was extremely beautiful 美丽, when lighted up with blue lights, putting one very much in mind of the blue grotto on the island of Capri, in the bay of Naples; indeed, you could fancy 想像 that the sea had only recently retired from these caverns, so fresh was the appearance of their walls. In the cooler part of the evening, we returned to our boats, and soon reached Moulmein again.

On the following day, having completed the necessary quantity of coal, we descended the river, and steered 驾驶 our course direct for Calcutta, which we reached on the 6th of February. We passed a great many of our old friends, the transports 运输, waiting for tugs 拖船 to tow 拖 them up, and arrived off Fort William, just at the most fashion‧able 时髦 hour for the promenade 漫步 along the river side. The steamer was decorated 装饰 with numerous Chinese flags, and several officers had come up from on board the transports 运输, who were anxiously looking out for their friends upon the banks. Having passed quite up above the fort 堡, among all the shipping, we returned down towards the principal 主要 landing-place, attracting 吸引 the attention and curiosity 好奇心 of thou‧sand 千, who were collected to look at the Nemesis, of which they had heard so much. A salute 礼炮 was fired, which was returned by the fort 堡; and there at length quietly lay the Nemesis, resting from all her toils 辛劳.

Of Calcutta, the City of Palaces, and of the kindness 善良 and hospitality 待客 of its inhabitants 居民, little need be said. Great honours were done to those who had fought for their country, in China and Affghanistan; and balls, dinners, illuminations 照明, and fêtes of all kinds, were the order of the day.

The last service performed by the Nemesis, under her old commander 命令, was to convey 传达 Lieutenant-General Sir Hugh Gough and his staff up the river to Barrackpore, to review the garrison 驻军 stationed there; including the remnant 剩 of the Bengal Volunteers recently returned. It was an excursion 短途旅行 of duty, but in reality 现实 not less one of pleasure.

We may now bid 出价 adieu to the Nemesis. Sufficient 足够 evidence 证据 has been given of the vast 广大 utility 效用 of iron steamers 汽船 of moderate 3 size, in service upon an enemy's coast. The danger which some have apprehended 拘押 from the rusting 荒废；铁锈 of the rivets 铆钉 by which the iron plates 盘子 are fastened together, or from their starting, through the concussions to which the vessel may be liable 容易, was proved to be almost totally unfounded. The corrosion of her bottom can be prevented to a great extent, by constantly 总是；经常地，不断地 painting it with red lead—an operation which is much facilitated 促进 by the ease 轻松 and safety with which a flat-bottomed iron vessel can be laid ashore 岸上. It must not be forgotten, however, that barnacles adhere 附着 more readily and firmly to an iron vessel, than they do to one coppered 铜 over.

At Calcutta, the Nemesis was docked 码头 and examined, before being sent round to Bombay for a thorough repair. She was pronounced to be in a perfectly fit state to perform the voyage, without risk; and she ultimately 最终 arrived safely at Bombay, under the command of Lieutenant Fell, I.N., who carried her successfully 顺利 through the intricate 错综复杂 passage between Ceylon and the main‧land 大陆. At Bombay, the Nemesis was docked 码头; and the following extract 提取 of a letter, dated Bombay, June 19, 1843, will surprise those who are unacquainted with the durability of iron steamers 汽船:—"The Nemesis has been for some time past in our docks 码头, and I have carefully 小心 examined her. She displays 显示, in no small degree, the advantages of iron. Her bottom bears the marks of having been repeatedly 反复 ashore 岸上; the plates are deeply indented in many places, in one or two to the extent of several inches. She has evidently 明显地 been in contact 联系 with sharp rocks, and one part of her keel-plate 盘子 is bent bend sharp up, in such a way as I could not believe that cold iron could bear; indeed, unless the iron had been extremely good, I am sure it would not have stood it without injury 伤. Her bottom is not nearly as much corroded as I expected to have found it, and she is as tight 紧的 as a bottle."

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APPENDIX.

A.

BRITISH SQUADRON IN CHINA AT THE
TERMINATION OF THE WAR.

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B.

GENERAL REGULATIONS

UNDER WHICH THE BRITISH TRADE IS TO BE CONDUCTED AT THE
FIVE PORTS OF CANTON, AMOY, FOO-CHOW-FOO, NINGPO, AND SHANGHAI.

I. Pilots.

Whenever a British merchant‧man 商人‧男人 shall arrive off any of the five ports 港口 opened to trade—viz., Canton, Foochowfow, Amoy, Ningpo, or Shanghai, pilots 飞行员 shall be allowed to take her immediately into port 港口; and, in like manner, when such British ship shall have settled all legal 法律 duties and charges, and is about to return home, pilots 飞行员 shall be immediately granted 发放 to take her out to sea, without any stop‧page 停止‧页 or delay.

Regarding the remuneration 报酬 to be given these pilots 飞行员, that will be equitably 公平 settled by the British Consul appointed to each particular port 港口, who will determine it with due reference to the distance gone over, the risk run, & 功放;c.

II. Custom-house Guards.

The Chinese Superintendent of Customs at each port 港口 will adopt the means that he may judge most proper to prevent the revenue 收入 suffering by fraud 舞弊 or smuggling 走私. Whenever the pilot 飞行员 shall have brought any British merchant‧man 商人‧男人 into port 港口, the Superintendent of Customs will depute one or two trusty custom-house officers, whose 3 duty it will be to watch against fraud 舞弊 on the revenue 收入. These will either live in a boat of their own, or stay on board the English ship, as may best suit their convenience 方便. Their food and expenses will be supplied them from day to day from the custom-house, and they may not exact any fees 费用 whatever from either the commander 命令 or consignee. Should they violate 违反 this regulation 规, they shall be punished proportionately to the amount so exacted.

III. Masters of Ships reporting themselves on Arrival 到达.

Whenever a British vessel shall have cast 投 anchor 锚 at any one of the above-mentioned ports 港口, the captain will, within four and twenty 二十 hours after arrival 到达, proceed 继续 to the British Consulate, and deposit 留下 his ship's papers, bills of lading 小伙子, manifest 表现, & 功放;c., in the hands of the Consul; failing to do which, he will subject himself to a penalty 罚款 of two hundred 百 dollars.

For presenting a false 3 manifest 表现, the penalty 罚款 will be five hundred 百 dollars.

For breaking bulk 块 and commencing 开始 to discharge 卸货, before due permission 3 shall be obtained 获得, the penalty 罚款 will be five hundred 百 dollars, and confiscation of the goods so discharged 卸货.

The Consul, having taken possession of the ship's papers, will immediately send a written communication 通讯 to the Superintendent of Customs, specifying 具体说明；明确指出 the register 寄存器 tonnage of the ship, and the particulars of the cargo 货物 she has on board; all of which being done in due form, permission will then be given to discharge 卸货, and the duties levied 征收 as provided for in the tariff 关税.

IV. Commercial Dealings between English and Chinese Merchants.

It having been stipulated 规定 that English merchants may trade with whatever native merchants they please, should any Chinese merchant fraudulently 骗人的 abscond or incur 招致 debts 债务 which he is unable 无法 to discharge 卸货, the Chinese authorities 权威, upon complaint 抱怨 being made thereof 其, will of course do their utmost 极 to bring the offender 触怒 to justice: it must, however, be distinctly 历历 understood, that if the defaulter 默认 really cannot be found, or be dead, or bankrupt 破产者, and there be not wherewithal to pay, the English merchants may not appeal 上诉 to the former custom of the Hong merchants paying for one another, and can no longer expect to have their losses made good to them.

V. Tonnage Dues.

Every English merchant‧man 商人‧男人, on entering any one of the above-mentioned five ports 港口, shall pay tonnage-dues at the rate of five mace per register 寄存器 ton 吨, in full of all charges. The fees 费用 formerly levied 征收 on entry 条目 and departure 离开, of every description, are hence‧forth 今后 abolished 废除.

VI. Import 进口 and Export 出口 Duties.

Goods, whether imported 进口 into, or exported 出口 from, any one of the above-mentioned five ports 港口, are hence‧forward 因此‧前进地 to be taxed according to the tariff 关税 as now fixed and agreed upon, and no further sums 和 are to be levied 征收 beyond those which are specified 具体说明；明确指出 in the tariff 关税; all duties incurred 招致 by an English merchant vessel, whether on goods imported 进口 or exported 出口, or in the shape of tonnage-dues, must first be paid up in full; which done, the Superintendent of Customs will grant 发放 a port 港口 clearance 净空, and this being shewn to the British Consul, he will there‧upon 在那里‧在…上面 return the ship's papers and permit the vessel to depart 离开.

VII. Examination 检查 of Goods at the Custom-house.

Every English merchant, having cargo 货物 to load or discharge 卸货, must give due intimation thereof 其, and hand particulars of the same to the Consul, who will immediately despatch a recognised linguist 语言学家 of his own establishment 机构 to communicate 通信 the particulars to the Superintendent of Customs, that the goods may be duly 适时地 examined, and neither party subjected to loss. The English merchant must also have a properly-qualified 达标 person on the spot, to attend to his interests when his goods are being examined for duty, otherwise, should there be complaints, these cannot be attended to.

Regarding such goods as are subject by the tariff 关税 to an ad valorem duty, if the English merchant cannot agree with the Chinese officer in fixing a value, then each party shall call two or three merchants to look at the goods, and the highest price at which any of these merchants would be willing to purchase 采购 shall be assumed 承担 as the value of the goods.

To fix the tare on any article, such as tea, if the English merchant cannot agree with the custom-house officer, then each party shall choose so many chests 胸部 out of every hundred 百, which, being first weighed in gross 毛, shall after‧ward 之后 be tared 柏油, and the average tare upon these chests shall be assumed 承担 as the tare upon the whole; and upon this principle 原理 shall the tare be fixed upon all other goods in pack‧age 包装.

If there should still be any disputed 争议 points which cannot be settled, the English merchant may appeal 上诉 to the Consul, who will communicate 通信 the particulars of the case to the Superintendent of Customs, that it may be equitably 公平 arranged. But the appeal 上诉 must be made on the same day, or it will not be regarded. While such points are still open, the Superintendent of Customs will delay to insert 插 the same in his books, thus affording an opportunity that the merits 值得 of the case may be duly 适时地 tried and sifted 筛.

VIII. Manner of Paying the Duties.

It is hereinbefore provided, that every English vessel that enters any one of the five ports 港口 shall pay all duties and tonnage-dues before she be permitted to depart 离开. The Superintendent of Customs will select 选择 certain shroffs, or banking establishments of known stability 稳定性, to whom he will give licences, authorizing 授权 them to receive duties from the English merchants on behalf 代表 of Government, and the receipt 收据 of these shroffs for any moneys paid them shall be considered as a government voucher 凭证. In the paying of these duties, different kinds of foreign money may be made use of; but as foreign money is not of equal purity 纯度 with sycee silver, the English Consuls appointed to the different ports 港口 will, according to time, place, and circumstances 环境, arrange with the Superintendents of Customs at each what coins 硬币 may be taken in payment 付款, and what per cent‧age 分‧年龄 may be necessary to make them equal to standard or pure silver.

IX. Weights and Measures.

Sets of balance-yards for the weighing of goods, of money weights, and of measures, prepared in exact conformity 一致性 to those hitherto 迄今 in use at the Custom-house of Canton, and duly 适时地 stamped and sealed 封上，海豹 in proof thereof 其, will be kept in possession of the Superintendent of Customs, and also at the British Consulate at each of the five ports 港口, and these shall be the standards by which all duties shall be charged, and all sums 和 paid to government. In case of any dispute 争议 arising between British merchants and Chinese officers of Customs, regarding the weights or measures of goods, reference shall be made to these standards, and disputes 争议 decided accordingly 于是.

X. Lighters, or Cargo Boats.

Whenever any English merchants shall have to load or discharge 卸货 cargo 货物, he may hire 聘用 whatever kind of lighter or cargo 货物-boat he pleases, and the sum 和 to be paid for such boat can be settled between the parties themselves without the interference of government. The number of these boats shall not be limited, nor shall a monopoly 垄断 of them be granted 发放 to any parties. If any smuggling 走私 take place in them, the offenders 犯罪分子 will of course be punished according to law. Should any of these boat-people, while engaged 从事 in conveying 传达 goods for English merchants, fraudulently 骗人的 abscond with the property, the Chinese authorities 权威 will do their best to apprehend 拘押 them; but, at the same time, the English merchants must take every due pre‧caution 预防 for the safety of their goods.

XI. Transshipment of Goods.

No English merchant ships may trans‧ship 反式‧船 goods without special permission: should an urgent 急迫的 case happen where transshipment is necessary, the circumstances 环境 must first be transmitted 发送 to the Consul, who will give a certificate 证书 to that effect, and the Superintendent of Customs will then send a special officer to be present at the transshipment. If any one presumes 假设 to trans‧ship 反式‧船 without such permission being asked for and obtained 获得, the whole of the goods so illicitly 非法的 transshipped will be confiscated 没收.

XII. Subordinate Consular Officers.

At any place selected 选择 for the anchor‧age 锚‧年龄 of the English merchant ships, there may be appointed a subordinate 下属 consular officer, of approved good conduct 进行, to exercise due control over the seamen and others. He must exert 发挥 himself to prevent quarrels 争吵 between the English seamen and natives, this being of the utmost 极 importance. Should anything of the kind unfortunately 不幸 take place, he will in like manner do his best to arrange it amicably. When sailors go on shore to walk, officers shall be required to accompany 陪 them, and, should disturbances 骚乱 take place, such officers will be held responsible. The Chinese officers may not impede 阻碍 natives from coming along‧side 并肩 the ships, to sell clothes or other necessaries to the sailors living on board.

XIII. Disputes between British Subjects and Chinese.

Whenever a British subject has reason to complain 抱怨 of a Chinese, he must first proceed 继续 to the Consulate and state his grievance 不平; the Consul will there‧upon 在那里‧在…上面 inquire 打听 into the merits 值得 of the case, and do his utmost 极 to arrange it amicably. In like manner, if a Chinese have reason to complain of a British subject, he shall no less listen to his complaint 抱怨, and endeavour to settle it in a friendly manner. If an English merchant have occasion to address the Chinese authorities 权威, he shall send such address through the Consul, who will see that the language is becoming; and if otherwise, will direct it to be changed, or will refuse to convey 传达 the address. If, unfortunately 不幸, any disputes 争议 take place of such a nature that the Consul cannot arrange them amicably, then he shall request the assistance 帮助 of a Chinese officer, that they may together examine into the merits 值得 of the case, and decide it equitably 公平. Regarding the punishment 惩罚 of English criminals 罪犯, the English government will enact 制定 the laws necessary to attain 达到 that end, and the Consul will be empowered 授权 to put them in force: and, regarding the punishment 惩罚 of Chinese criminals, these will be tried and punished by their own laws, in the way provided for by the correspondence 对应 which took place at Nankin after the concluding 得出结论 of the peace.

XIV. British Government Cruisers anchoring 锚 within the Ports.

An English government cruiser 巡航 will anchor 锚 within each of the five ports 港口, that the Consul may have the means of better rest‧rain 抑制 sailors and others, and preventing disturbances 骚乱. But these government cruisers are not to be put on the same footing as merchant vessels, for as they bring no merchandise 商品 and do not come to trade, they will of course pay neither dues nor charges. The resident 居民 Consul will keep the Superintendent of Customs duly 适时地 informed of the arrival 到达 and departure 离开 of such government cruisers, that he may take his measures accordingly 于是.

XV. On the Security 安全 to be given for British Merchant Vessels.

It has hitherto 迄今 been the custom, when an English vessel entered the port 港口 of Canton, that a Chinese Hong merchant stood security 安全 for her, and all duties and charges were paid through such security 安全-merchant. But these security 安全-merchants being now done away with, it is understood that the British Consul will hence‧forth 今后 be security 安全 for all British merchant ships entering any of the aforesaid five ports 港口.

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C.

SUPPLEMENTARY TREATY.

The following is an abstract 抽象 of the Supplementary Treaty between the Queen of Great Britain and the Emperor of China:—

Art. I. provides for the new tariff 关税 being in force at the five ports 港口 of Canton, Foo-chow-foo, Amoy, Ningpo, and Shanghai.

Art. II. provides for the general regulations 规 of trade being in force at the aforesaid five ports 港口.

Art. III. provides that all penalties 罚款 or confiscations made under the 3rd clause 条款 of the general regulations 规 of trade shall belong to the government of China.

Art. IV. provides that British merchants shall be allowed only to trade at the five ports 港口 mentioned in Art. I.; that the British merchants' ships shall not repair to any other ports 港口 or places in China; that if they do so, in contravention of this article, the Chinese authorities 权威 shall be at liberty 自由 to seize 抓住 and confiscate 没收 both vessel and cargo 货物, and that all Chinese subjects discovered clandestinely trading with British merchants at any other ports 港口 or places in China shall be punished as the law in China may direct.

Art. V. provides for the 4th clause 条款 of the general regulations 规 of trade being applicable 适用 to both parties.

Art. VI. provides that English merchants and others residing 居住 at, or resorting 度假胜地 to, the five ports 港口, shall not go into the surrounding country beyond certain distances, (to be fixed by the local authorities 权威 and consuls,) and "on no pretence for purposes of traffic 交通;" and that if any person, whatever his rank, station, or calling, disobey this article and " wander 漫步 away into the country, he shall be seized and handed over to the British consul for suit‧able 适当 punishment 惩罚."

Art. VII. provides for British subjects and their families residing 居住 agree‧able 合适的 to the treaty 条约 of perpetual 永动的 peace and friend‧ship 友情, at the different ports 港口 named in Article I., and for their being allowed to buy or rent 租；租金 ground or houses at fair and equitable 公平 rates, such as prevail 战胜 "amongst 4 the people, without exact‧ion 准确的‧离子 on either side. The ground and houses, so to be sold or rented, to be set apart 相隔 by the local authorities 权威 in communication 通讯 with the consuls."

Art. VIII. provides for all foreign countries whose subjects or citizens have hitherto 迄今 traded at Canton, being admitted to the five ports 港口 named in Article I., on the same terms as England.

Art. IX. provides for all Chinese criminals and offenders 犯罪分子 against the law, who may flee 逃跑 to Hong-Kong, or to British ships of war, or to British merchantmen, for refuge 避难所, being "delivered, upon proof or admission 准许进入 of their guilt;" and for any sailor 水手, soldier, or other person, whatever his caste 种姓 or country, who is a subject of the crown 王冠 of England, and who may, from any cause, or on any pretence, desert 沙漠；抛弃, fly, or escape into the Chinese territory 疆土，领域, being seized and con‧fine 局限 by Chinese authorities 权威, and forth‧with 向前‧和 sent to the nearest consular, or other British government officer.

Art. X. provides for a British ship of war being stationed at each of the five ports 港口, "to ensure 确保 good order and discipline 训练 amongst 5 the crews of the merchant shipping, and to support the necessary authority 权威 of the consul over British subjects." The crews of such ship of war to be "carefully 小心 rest‧rain 抑制 by the officer commanding," and the rules regarding not straying 流浪 into the country to be applicable 适用 to them, in the same manner as the crews of merchant ships. The ships of war to be in no degree liable 容易 to port 港口-charges or any of the general regulations 规 laid down for trade.

Art. XI. provides for the British forces being withdrawn from Chusan, (Tinghai,) and Coolung-soo being restored to the Chinese government, agree‧able 合适的 to the treaty 条约 of perpetual 永动的 peace and friend‧ship 友情, the moment all the moneys stipulated 规定 for in that treaty 条约 shall be paid; and "the British plenipotentiary distinctly 历历 and voluntarily 自行 agrees that all dwelling 住-houses, storehouses, bar‧rack 营房, and other buildings, that the British troops 部队 or people may have occupied 占据 or intermediately 中间 built or repaired, shall be handed over, on the evacuation 疏散 of the ports 港口, exactly as they stand."

Art. XII. provides for the British plenipotentiary instructing 指导 the different consuls (in addition 加成 to the proclamation the plenipotentiary has already issued) "to strictly watch over and carefully 小心 scrutinize 细察 the conduct 进行 of all persons, being British subjects, trading under their superintendence," and, in the event of any smuggling 走私 trans‧action 交易 coming to their knowledge, they are to apprise the Chinese authorities 权威, "who will proceed 继续 to seize 抓住 and confiscate 没收 all goods, whatever their value or nature, that may have bean 豆 so smuggled 走私;" and will like‧wise 同样 "be at liberty 自由 to prohibit 禁止 the vessel from which the smuggled 走私 goods were landed from trading further, and to send her away as soon as her accounts are adjusted 改变；调节 and paid." All Chinese subjects, whether custom-house officers or others, who may be discovered to be concerned in smuggling 走私, are, by this article, to be punished as the Chinese authorities 权威 shall think fit.

Art. XIII. provides for all persons, whether native of China or otherwise, conveying 传达 goods to Hong-Kong for sale, on obtaining 获得 a pass or port 港口-clearance 净空 from one of the five ports 港口 named in Art. I., and paying the duties agree‧able 合适的 to the tariff 关税 on such goods. It also provides for natives of China repairing 修理 to Hong-Kong to purchase 采购 goods, and for their obtaining 获得 a pass from the custom-house of one of the five ports 港口, should they require a Chinese vessel to carry away their purchases 采购. These passes to be restored at the expiration of each trip.

Art. XIV. provides for an officer of the British Government examining the registers 寄存器 and passes of all Chinese vessels visiting Hong-Kong to buy or sell goods; and for any vessel which may not have a register 寄存器 or pass being "considered an unauthorized 取消授权 or smuggling 走私 vessel," and not being allowed to trade. "By this arrangement 安排, it is to be hoped that piracy 海盗行为 and illegal 非法的，违法的 traffic 交通 will be effectually prevented."

Art. XV. provides for debts, incurred 招致 by Chinese dealers 商人，商贩 or merchants at Hong-Kong, being recovered 恢复 through the English courts of justice. Should the debtor 债务人 fly from Hong-Kong to the Chinese territory 疆土，领域, and be known or found to have property, real or personal 个人, the fourth clause 条款 of the general regulations 规 will be applicable 适用 to the case, on application being made by the consul. In like manner, should a British merchant incur 招致 debts at any of the five ports 港口, and fly to Hong-Kong, the British authorities 权威 will, on receiving an application from the Chinese officers, institute 研究所 an investigation 调查 into the claims, and, when established 建立, oblige 责成 the defaulter 默认 or debtor 债务人 to settle them, to the utmost 极 of his means.

Art. XVI. provides for a monthly return of passes granted 发放 to Chinese vessels to visit Hong-Kong, being furnished to the British officer referred to in Article XIV., by the hoppo of Canton, and for a similar 类似 return being made by the said officer.

Art. XVII., also termed "Additional 额外 Article," provides for all cutters 切割机, schooners, lorchas, and such small vessels that ply 股 between Canton and Hong-Kong, or between Canton and Macao, passing, as they have hitherto 迄今 done, free of all port 港口 charges, if they only carry passengers 乘客, letters, or baggage 行李; but if they carry any duty‧able 职责‧能够的 articles, however small the quantity, they are to pay tonnage dues at the rate of one mace per ton 吨 register 寄存器. This article further provides for the smallest of such vessels being considered to be seventy 七十-five tons burden 负荷，重负, and the largest one hundred 百 and fifty 五十 tons burden, beyond which last size they are to be classed as foreign ships, and to be charged tonnage dues according to Article V. of the general regulations 规.

The following three rules were further laid down in this article, which is only applicable 适用 to the port 港口 of Canton, for the guidance 指导 of these small vessels.

1st. "Every British schooner, cutter, lorcha, & 功放;c., shall have a sailing-letter or register 寄存器, in Chinese and English, under the seal 封上，海豹 and signature 签名 of the chief superintendent 所长 of trade, describing her appearance, burden 负荷，重负," & 功放;c.

2nd. "Every schooner, cutter, lorcha, and such vessels, shall report her‧self 她自己 as large vessels are required to do at the Bocca Tigris; and when she carries cargo 货物 she shall also report her‧self 她自己 at Whampoa, and, on reaching Canton, deliver up her sailing-letter or register 寄存器 to the British Consul, who will obtain 获得 permission from the hoppo for her to discharge 卸货 her cargo 货物, which she is not to do without such permission, under the forfeiture of the penalties 罚款 laid down in the third clause 条款 of the general regulations 规."

3rd. "When the inward 向内的 cargo 货物 is discharged 卸货, and an outward 向外的 one (if intended) taken on board, and the duties on both arranged and paid, the consul will restore 修复；使复位；使复职 the register 寄存器 or sailing-letter, and allow the vessel to depart 离开."

THE END.

T. C. Savill, Printer, 107, St. Martin's Lane.

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